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162 Exam #2 -- JS > CAD > Flashcards

CAD Flashcards

1
Q
  • caused by impaired blood flow to the myocardium

- usually caused by accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of CAD?

A
  • may be asymptomatic

- may lead to angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome, MI, heart attack, disrhythmias, heart failure, death

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3
Q
  • chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow

- causes temporary imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand

A

angina pectoris

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4
Q
  • condition of unstable cardiac ischemia

- includes unstable angina and acute myocardial ischemia (with or without injury to myocardial tissue)

A

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

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5
Q
  • necrosis (death) of myocardial cells
  • life-threatening event
  • occures when blood flow to a portion of the cardiac muscle is blocked
  • if circulation is not restored loss of functional mocardium affects the heart’s ability to maintain an effective cardiac output
  • may ultimately lead to shock and death
A

acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

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6
Q

what arteries supply blood, oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium?

A

the left and right main coronary arteries

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7
Q

where do the main coronary arteries originate?

A

in the root of the aorta, just outside the aortic valve

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8
Q

how is blood flow through the coronary arteries regulated?

A
  • aortic pressure (primary regulator)
  • heart rate
  • metabolic activity of heart
  • blood vessel tone
  • collateral circulation
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9
Q

what is the most common cause of reduced blood flow?

A

atherosclerosis

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10
Q
  • progressive disease characterized by atheroma (plaque) formation
  • affects intimal and medial layers of large and midsized arteries
  • precipitated by unknown factors
  • lipoproteins and fibrous tissue accumulate in the arterial wall
A

atherosclerosis

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11
Q
  • complex lesions consisting of lipids, fibrous tissue, collagen, calcium, cellular debris, capillaries
  • can rupture or ulcerate&raquo_space; thrombosis
A

atheromas

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12
Q

where does atherosclerosis tend to occur?

A

at bifurcations or branches of arteries

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13
Q

-results when the O2 supply is inadequate to meet metabolic demands

A

ischemia

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14
Q

what are the critical factors for coronary metabolic needs?

A
  • coronary perfusion

- myocardial work load

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15
Q

what are the three categories of angina?

A
  • stable
  • unstable
  • variant
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16
Q

-a dynamic state in which coronary blood flow is acutely reduced but not fully occluded

A

acute coronary syndrome

17
Q

what are the precipitating events of acute coronary syndrome?

A
  • rupture/erosion of atherosclerotic plaque
  • coronary artery spasm
  • progressive vessel obstruction
  • inflammation of coronary artery
  • increased myocardial oxygen demand
  • decreased oxygen supply
18
Q
  • occurs when blood flow to a portion of cardiac muscle is completely blocked
  • results in prolonged tissue ischemia and irreversible cell damage
A

acute myocardial infarction

19
Q

what are some complications of acute myocardial infarction?

A
  • dysrrythmias
  • pump failure
  • cardiogenic shock
  • infarct extension
  • structural defects
  • pericarditis
20
Q

-inflammation of the pericardial tissue surrounding the heart

A

pericarditis

21
Q

what are the immediate treatment goals for an MI patient?

A
  • relieve chest pain
  • reduce the extent of myocardial damage
  • maintain cardiovascular stability
  • decrease cardiac workload
  • prevent complications
22
Q

what are some diagnostic tests for CAD?

A
  • C-reactive protein
  • ankle-brachial blood pressure index
  • electron beam computer tomography
  • myocardial perfusion imaging
  • ECG
  • echocardiogram
  • radionuclide imagine
  • hemodynamic monitoring
23
Q

what are some diagnostic tests for CAD involving serum levels?

A
  • creatinine kinase
  • CK-MB
  • troponins
  • myoglobin
  • CBC
  • ABGs
24
Q
  • proteins released during MI that are sensitive indicators of myocardial damage
  • normally not detected in the blood but released when cardiac muscle is necrotic
A

troponins

25
Q

what drugs are used to lower cholesterol?

A
  • statins
  • nicotinic acid
  • bile acid sequestrants
  • fibrates
26
Q

what drugs are used to treat angina?

A
  • nitrates
  • beta-blockers
  • calcium channel blockers
  • aspirin
27
Q

what drugs are used to treat MI?

A
  • aspirin
  • analgesics
  • fibrinolytics (dissolve/break up clots)
  • antidysrrhytmics
  • other: beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE), anticoagulants, antiplatelet

162 Exam #2 -- JS (12 decks)

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