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162 Exam #2 -- JS > Asthma > Flashcards

Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing

A

asthma

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2
Q

what are some common triggers for an acute asthma attack?

A
  • exposure to allergens
  • respiratory tract infections
  • exercise
  • inhaled irritants
  • emotional upset
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3
Q

NOTE

A

in asthma the airways are in a constant state of inflammation, even when symptom free (these periods are known as subacute or quiet)

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4
Q

when an asthma sufferer is exposed to a trigger what are the three things that occur that make breathing more difficult?

A
  • bronchoconstriction
  • airway edema
  • impaired clearance of secretions
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5
Q

what physiological results occur when an asthma attack is underway?

A
  • airway narrowing limits the airflow
  • increases work it takes to breathe
  • trapped air mixes with inhaled air -> impairs gas exchange
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6
Q

what is the acute or early response of an asthma attack?

A

bronchospasms and parasympathetic response

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7
Q

what occurs in the late-phase of an asthma attack?

A

inflammatory cells (basophils, eosinphils) :

  • damage airway epithelium
  • produce mucosal edema
  • impair mucociliary clearance
  • produce/prolong bronchoconstriction
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8
Q

when does the late-phase of an asthma attack occur?

A

4-12 hours later

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9
Q

what can an untreated asthma attack lead to?

A
  • limited expiratory air flow (CO2 isn’t getting out)
  • hypoxemia
  • hyperventilation
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10
Q

what acid base imbalance can occur with an untreated asthma attack?

A

because of hyperventilation (blowing off excess CO2) the CO2 levels will drop causing respiratory alkalosis

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11
Q

an exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response

A

hyperresponsiveness

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12
Q
  • a severe, prolonged form of asthma that is difficult to treat
  • can result in respiratory failure
A

status asthmaticus

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13
Q

the effort or force needed to move oxygen through the trachea to the lungs

A

airway resistance

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14
Q

what is the primary method of breathing for children under 6 years, and why?

A

due to immature intercostal muscles, children are diaphragmatic breathers before age 6

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15
Q

sunken areas seen between the ribs during inspiration

A

retractions

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16
Q

why is oxygen consumption higher in children than in adults?

A

greater metabolic rate

17
Q

children have a greater metabolic rate than adults, what effect does this have on breathing?

A

high oxygen consumption

18
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of asthma?

A
  • coughing
  • wheezing
  • shortness of breath
  • chest tightness
  • tachypnea
  • tachycardia
  • anxiety/apprehension
19
Q

NOTE

locations of airway obstructions

A

nasopharyngeal – sonorous snoring
larynx/upper trachea – inspiratory stridor
mid-lower trachea/central bronchus – exp. stridor, croupy or low pitched cough
larynx or subglottic space – insp&exp stridor
obstructed vocal chords – hoarse/weak voice

20
Q

what does PEFR stand for?

A

Peak Expiratory Flow Reading

21
Q
  • a method of objective measure of lung function
  • allows clients to monitor symptoms and communicate severity to others
  • personal norms established over period of time so that deviation can be read later
A

PERF (Peak Expiratory Flow Reading)

22
Q

what does MDI stand for?

A

metered dose inhaler

23
Q

what does DPI stand for?

A

dry powder inhaler

24
Q

asthma meds:

  • relaxes the smooth muscles of the airways
  • inhalation of nebulized medication is preferred
  • can be anticholinergic, methylxylines or adrenergic stimulants
  • often administered with anti-inflammatory agent (corticosteroids)
A

bronchodilators

25
Q

asthma meds:

  • affects sympathetic receptors in the respiratory tract
  • administered by MDI or DPI
  • treatment of choice for acute bronchial asthma
  • oral forms have slow onset, but can be used prophylactically
A

adrenergic stimulants (adrenergic agonists)

26
Q

asthma meds:

  • central nervous system stimulants (chemically related to caffeine)
  • -produce bronchodilation through relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
  • used primarily to prevent nocturnal asthma attacks in adults
  • potential toxic side effects
A

methyxanthines

27
Q

asthma meds:

  • potent bronchodilator
  • blocks muscarinic receptors of parasympathetic nervous system
  • produces smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation by blocking receptors
A

anticholenergics

28
Q

asthma meds:

  • anti-inflammatory
  • prevents and treats acute episodes of asthma
  • allows reduced dosages of other drugs
  • decreases the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, reduce inflammatory cell activation/infiltration, and decrease airway edema
  • decrease mucous production in the airways
  • increase number and receptivity of beta2 receptors
A

corticosteroids

29
Q

asthma meds:

  • inhibits inflammatory cells in the airway, blocking early and late responses to inhaled antigens
  • prevent bronchoconstriction in response to inhaling cold air
  • act by stabilizing the cytoplasmic membrane of mast cells, preventing the cells from releasing inflammatory mediators
  • used only for prevention, not for acute attacks
A

mast cell stabilizers

30
Q

asthma meds:

  • interfere with inflammatory process in the airways by suppressing the effects of leukotrines (inflammatory mediators)
  • blocking leukotrine synthesis or receptors improves airflow, decreases symptoms and reduces the need for short acting bronchodilators
  • used as maintenance therapy in adults and children over 12 as alternative to corticosteroid therapy
  • not used for acute attacks
A

leukotrine modifiers

31
Q

-a system of treating asthma where the severity of the asthma is assessed and then the prescriber increases or decreases the amount of medication until it suits the individual

A

step-wise approach

32
Q

what are some examples of complimentary therapies used to treat asthma?

A
  • nutritional/dietary therapies (elimination diet)
  • herbal therapies
  • biofeedback
  • yoga
  • breathing techniques
  • acupuncture
  • massage
  • homeopathy

162 Exam #2 -- JS (12 decks)

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