hypertension Flashcards
What is pathophysiology?
Explains the structural and functional changes within the body that result in the signs and symptoms of disease
It encompasses disease causation (etiology), disease process (pathogenesis), and treatment (clinical manifestations)
What is hypertension?
Abnormally high blood pressure sustained over time, defined as systolic > 140 mmHg or diastolic > 90 mmHg
Who is at risk for hypertension?
Elderly, males, African ancestry,
What are the two types of hypertension?
- Primary (essential) - cannot identify the cause
- Secondary - caused by a known disease
What causes primary hypertension?
- Obscure factors
- Kidney function issues
- High dietary sodium
- Lack of exercise
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Psychological stress
- Drugs
What causes secondary hypertension?
- Kidney disease
- Tumors of glands secreting hormones that raise BP (e.g. epi/norepi)
- Atherosclerosis
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
MAP = CO x SVR
What are the classifications of hypertension based on blood pressure readings?
- Low normal <120/<80
- Normal 120-129/80-89
- High normal 130-139/85-89
- Stage 1 hypertension 140-159/90-99
- Stage 2 hypertension 160-179/100-109
- Stage 3 hypertension >180/>110
True or False: Higher blood pressure during exercise is always harmful.
False; higher blood pressure during exercise is normal, but sustained high BP is harmful
What effects does hypertension have on blood vessels?
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertrophy
- Inward remodeling
- Vascular stiffness
- Rarefaction
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Thickening of the heart wall due to systemic hypertension causing resistance against blood flow
What is nephrosclerosis?
kidney damage/hardening caused by hypertension
Hypertension causes changes in renal blood vessels and glomeruli, leading to scar tissue and impaired blood flow
What is the consequence of severe kidney disease in hypertension?
Occurs in stage 2 hypertension; nephrosclerosis progresses faster
How does hypertension affect the Retinal system?
Causes hypertensive retinopathy, leading to retinal arteriosclerosis and potential hemorrhages
What role does aldosterone play in hypertension?
aldosterone causes sodium retention
How does age affect arteriole compliance?
Arteriole compliance declines due to vessel stiffening, increased collagen production, and decreased elastin
Fill in the blank: A decrease in arterial compliance will increase both _______ and _______ blood pressure.
systolic, diastolic
What happens to pulse pressure with decreased arterial compliance?
Pulse pressure will increase
What occurs when central vessels stiffen but peripheral vessels do not?
Systolic pressure rises, diastolic pressure stays the same, resulting in increased pulse pressure
What occurs when peripheral vessels stiffen but central vessels do not?
Diastolic pressure rises, systolic pressure stays the same, leading to decreased pulse pressure
