hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertension

A

Persistent elevation of BP in the systemic arterial circulation to a level higher than expected for the age, sex, and race of the individual

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2
Q

what is primary hypertension

A

hypertension without identifiable cuase (90% of patients)

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for hypertension

A
  • ↑ age (main driver)
  • Smoking
  • Genetics/family history
  • Obesity, OSA
  • ↑ alcohol intake
  • ↑ salt intake
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4
Q

what is secondary hypertension

A

caused by identifiable singular cause, removal leads to normalisation of BP

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5
Q

what are the causes of secondary hypertension

A
  • Renal disease (most commonly)
  • Endocrine (adrenal gland hyperfunction/tumours, aldosteronism, Cushing’s, pheochromocytoma)
  • Coarction of the aorta
  • Drugs e.g. corticosteroids
  • Pregnancy
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6
Q

what is benign hypertension

A
  • table elevation of BP over many years
  • Asymptomatic, incidental finding often in health checks
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7
Q

what are the consequences of benign hypertension

A
  • LV hypertrophy
  • congestive cardiac failure
  • atheromas
  • thickening of tunica media
  • renal disease
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8
Q

what is malignant hypertension

A

Acute, severe elevation of, diastolic >140 mmHg

  • Can develop from benign primary or secondary hypertension, or arise de novo
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9
Q

what are the consequences of malignant hypertension

A
  • cerebral oedema
  • acute renal and heart failure
  • haemorrhage
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10
Q

what is white coat hypertension

A

Hypertension that only exists when BP is measured during medical consultations

Discrepancy of >20/10 mmHg between clinic and average daytime ABPM

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11
Q

what is stage 1 hypertension

A

Clinic BP is 140/90 mmHg or higher and

ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 135/85 mmHg or higher

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12
Q

what is stage 2 hypertension

A

Clinic BP is 160/100 mmHg or higher and

ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 150/95 mmHg

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13
Q

what is severe hypertension

A

Clinic systolic BP 180/110mmHg or higher

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14
Q

what is the consequences of severe hypertension

A

end organ damage

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of hypertension

A
  • Primary hypertension: asymptomatic - incidental finding
  • Secondary hypertension: mialignant hypertension will present acutely; symptoms include headache, blurred vision, N+V, chest pain and altered mental status
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16
Q

what are the signs of hypertension

A
  • Pulses bruits
  • Examine fundi (hypertensive retinopathy)
17
Q

what are the investigations for hypertension

A

Blood pressure monitoring

  • ABPM if clinic BP >140/90 mmHg
  • HBPM if ABPM declined/not tolerated
18
Q

look at notes for management

A

soz