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Year 3 Cardio > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

How is essential hypertension diagnosed?

A

Screening of asymptomatic individual

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2
Q

Define essential hypertension

A

blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg with no secondary cause identified

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3
Q

What are RFs for essential hypertension?

A 
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Alcohol intake
DM
Black ancestry
>60 years
FH
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4
Q

What investigations should be done for essential hypertension?

A

ECG
Fasting metabolic panel with eGFR
Lipid panel
Urinalysis

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5
Q

What is the conservative management for essential hypertension?

A 
Lifestyle modification
e.g. sodium reduction
potassium rich diet
DASH
Maintain waist circumference
Increase physical activity
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6
Q

What is the medical management for essential hypertension?

A

Thiazide diuretic
ACEi or Angiotensin-II-receptor antagonist
CCBs

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7
Q

What are some angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists?

A

Losartan

Irbesartan

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8
Q

What are some ACEi?

A

Ramipril

Lisinopril

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9
Q

What is the primary option for CCBs?

A

Amlodipine

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10
Q

What are some thiazide diuretics?

A

Indapmide

Bendroflumethiazide

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?

A

Conn’s syndrome

Primary hyperaldosteronism

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12
Q

What is the second most common cause of secondary hypertension?

A 
Renal disease e.g.
Glomerulonephritis
Pyelonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal artery stenosis
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13
Q

What are other endocrine causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Phaeochromocytoma
Cushing’s
Acromegaly

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14
Q

What drugs can induce hypertension?

A

Steroids
COCP
NSAIDs

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15
Q

What are the presenting features of pulmonary hypertension?

A 
SOB
Tiredness
Dizziness 
Angina
Palpitations
Oedema
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16
Q

What is idiopathic arterial pulmonary hypertension?

A

Disease of the small pulmonary arteries
Increases pulmonary vascular resistance
Leads to RV failure
Defined by pulmonary arterial pressure > 25mmHg at rest

17
Q

Who commonly gets pulmonary arterial hypertension?

A

Females

20-50 years

18
Q

What investigations are done for pulmonary arterial hypertension?

A

CXR - enlarged pulmonary artery, enlarged hilar vessels

ECG - evidence of RVH, right axis deviation

Transthoracic doppler echocardiography - estimates RVSP > 35mmHg

6 min walk test

Gold standard = Right heart catheterisation showing MAP > 25mmHg at rest

19
Q

What is the management for pulmonary arterial hypertension?

A

CCB e.g. amlodipine

Lifestyle e.g. aerobic exercise, sodium restriction

20
Q

What are causes of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Left sided heart conditions
Hypoxia
Clots in pulmonary arteries

21
Q

What is the management for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Treat underlying cause
Anticoagulant
Diuretics if HF

Year 3 Cardio (12 decks)

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