Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis

Question 1

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 1

arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, shock, endocarditis, diseases of the aorta and its branches, disorders of the peripheral vascular system, and congenital heart disease.

Question 2

CHD/CAD

Answer 2

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) aka Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): a narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart.

Question 3

PAD

Answer 3

narrowing of the peripheral arteries to the legs, stomach, arms, and head – most common in the arteries of the legs. Easily diagnosed and managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Left untreated, PAD can lead to gangrene and amputation. PAD is similar to CAD.

Question 4

Endothelium

Answer 4

a thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Question 5

Intima

Answer 5

the innermost layer of a blood vessel containing subendothelial tissue

Question 6

Media

Answer 6

the middle layer of an artery or vein that consists principally of smooth muscle cells

Question 7

Adventitia

Answer 7

the outermost connective tissue covering a blood vessel or artery

Question 8

Thrombus

Answer 8

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin

Question 9

Fibrous cap

Answer 9

a layer of fibrous connective tissue in the intima

Question 10

Atheroma

Answer 10

accumulation of cells of cellular debris that contain lipids, calcium, and fibrous connective between the endothelium lining and the smooth muscle cell rich medial wall of arteries

Question 11

Fatty streak

Answer 11

the first grossly visible lesion in the development of atherosclerosis

Question 12

Foam cells

Answer 12

cells in an atheroma that consist of monocyte/macrophages containing numerous

Question 13

Chylomicron proteins

Answer 13

A-I, A-IV, B-48, C-I, C-II, C-III, E

Question 14

VLDL proteins

Answer 14

B-100, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E

Question 15

IDL proteins

Answer 15

B-100, C-II, C-III, and E

Question 16

LDL proteins

Answer 16

B-100

Question 17

HDL proteins

Answer 17

A-I, A-II, C-I, C-II, C-III, and E

Question 18

Statin MoA

Answer 18

statins decrease the synthesis of cholesterol and the secretion of VLDL and increase the expression/activity of LDL receptors

Question 19

PCSK9 inhibitor MoA

Answer 19

prolong the life and function of LDL receptors

Question 20

Bile-acid binding resins MoA

Answer 20

Bile-acid binding resins block enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, promote fecal elimination of bile acids, and may promote bile acid secretion.

Question 21

Nicotinic acid MoA

Answer 21

Nicotinic acid decreases the secretion of VLDL and the formation of LDL and increases the formation of HDL.

Question 22

Fibrates MoA

Answer 22

decrease the secretion of VLDL and the formation of LDL and increases the formation of HDL

Question 23

Ezetimibe MoA

Answer 23

inhibits absorption of cholesterol from the GI tract by inhibiting activity of Neimann-Pick C1 like 1 protein

Question 24

CETP inhibitors MoA

Answer 24

block the conversion of HDL to LDL, elevating HDL levels while decreasing LDL levels

Question 25

Omega-3 fatty acids MoA

Answer 25

Omega-3 fatty acids decrease VLDL synthesis and triglyceride levels. The mechanisms are not clear but may involve stimulation of β-oxidation of fatty acids and stimulation of LPL activity.

Question 26

Lomatapide MoA

Answer 26

Lomatapide inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and also decreases production of VLDL and chylomicrons.

Question 27

Mipomersen MoA

Answer 27

Mipomersen is an Apo B100 antisense that inhibits production of VLDL.