Glossary of Movement Disorder Terms Flashcards

1
Q

akinesia

A

absence of movement

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2
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

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3
Q

hypokinesia

A

decreased amplitude or range of movement

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4
Q

akathisia

A

a feeling of inner general restlessness, which is reduced or relieved by moving around

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5
Q

ataxia

A

an unsteady and swaying walk

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6
Q

dysmetria

A

misjudging the distance to a target

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7
Q

asynergia

A

a breakdown of movement, so that movements of the arms and legs become irregular and clumsy

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8
Q

athetosis

A

slow, writhing, continuous, involuntary movements

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9
Q

blepharospasm

A

a focal dystonia of the muscles surrounding the eyes which can result in sustained or forceful eyelid closure

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10
Q

bradyphrenia

A

slowed thinking

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11
Q

chorea

A

involuntary, irregular, purposeless, non-rhythmic, abrupt, rapid or unsustained movements that seem to flow from one body part to another

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12
Q

Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD)

A

This is an uncommon form of parkinsonism affecting one side of the body more than the other. The person with CBGD may have rigidity, dystonia, a mixed tremor at rest and on action and difficulty carrying out a pretended action, such as combing hair without a comb, brushing teeth without a toothbrush, or inserting a key without a key. Some people will be depressed, irritable or be unable to begin to do a certain task. Still others will have an arm or leg that seems to lift up or do what it wants without the person realizing it.

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13
Q

Dyskinesia

A

a general term for any abnormal involuntary movement

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14
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

is a term used for abnormal involuntary movements that begin after taking certain medications used to treat nausea or emotional problems. Tardive dyskinesia sometimes resembles chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tics or tremor.

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15
Q

dystonia

A

Dystonia refers to twisting movements and postures that tend to be sustained at the peak of the movement, often patterned and repetitive. Dystonia can progress to prolonged abnormal postures

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16
Q

essential tremor

A

the most common movement disorder among adults and the most common cause of all tremors

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17
Q

freezing

A

When someone freezes, the opposing muscle groups are simultaneously contracting. The ability to move is “blocked” and the person is “glued to a position” and feels “stuck.”

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18
Q

hemifacial spasm

A

muscle contractions involving only one side of the face

19
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

an inherited progressively disabling disorder that causes problems with emotional control and thinking, as well as difficulty with coordination and stability.

20
Q

Lewy-Body disease

A

the pathological changes seen in Parkinson’s disease have spread beyond the brainstem to involve the cerebral cortex

21
Q

Multiple system atrophy

A

a sporadic, progressive disorder affecting four parts of the nervous system in varying degrees (basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor neurons, and autonomic function problems.

22
Q

Myoclonus

A

Myoclonic jerks are sudden, brief, shock like involuntary movements caused by muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or sudden loss of muscle contractions, called inhibitions (or negative myoclonus).

23
Q

Myokymia

A

a fine persistent quivering or rippling of muscles

24
Q

Synkinesis

A

the occurence of involuntary movements in one part of the face when there is voluntary movement in another part of the face

25
Parkinson's disease
People with Parkinson's disease have one or several of the following signs: tremor at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, loss of postural reflexes, flexed posture and freezing
26
Parkinsonism
any combination of six cardinal features: tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, flexed posture, freezing, and loss of postural reflexes.
27
paroxysmal dyskinesias
movements that start suddenly and then disappear after being present for seconds, minutes, or hours
28
Pediatric "neurotransmitter" disorders
Children may have trouble controlling their eye muscles or have loss of muscle tone (a form of weakness) in their neck, trunk, arms or legs. Some children have tremors. Others may be irritable or have developmental delays
29
Postural reflexes
Loss of postural reflexes is a feature of parkinsonism that can contribute to falls or walking faster and faster with tiny steps
30
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
Problems encountered soon after PSP begins are unsteady walking and early frequent falls. The person walks with feet wide apart, an erect posture and unbent knees
31
Restless legs syndrome
The term restless legs syndrome refers to more than just restless legs, where the person has unpleasant crawling, pulling or itchy feelings in the muscles or bones of the legs
32
Rigidity
Rigidity may occur in the neck, chest wall, elbows, hips and knees forcing a person to bend over when seated, standing or lying down
33
Stiff person syndrome
a progressive autoimmune disease in which a person experiences increased muscle rigidity, increased tone, and increased force required to move any body part associated with an inability to relax muscles
34
Sydenham's chorea
an uncommon autoimmune disease with dance-like movements, called chorea. It is often accompanied by emotional and thinking problems. Sydenham's tends to occur in children and is associated with a past streptococcal group A infection, the same infection that also causes rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
35
Tardive dyskinesia and dystonia
Tardive Dystonia and Tardive Dyskinesia are abnormal involuntary movements that occur in people who are taking medication that "blocks the dopamine receptors" in order to treat gastrointestinal problems or emotional disturbances
36
Tics
Tics are abnormal movements (motor tics) or abnormal sounds (phonic tics)
37
Tortiollis
a focal dystonia of the neck muscles in which there is a simultaneous contraction of opposing muscle groups causing the neck to twist, tilt, shift, pull forwards or backwards
38
Tourette syndrome
Tics consist of abnormal movements (motor tics) or abnormal sounds (phonic tics). When both types of tics are present, the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome or Tourette syndrome is commonly given
39
Tremor
Tremor is an oscillation that is usually rhythmical and regular that affects one or more body parts, such as the arms, legs, neck, tongue, chin or vocal cords
40
Tremor at rest
Tremor at rest is usually present in the fingers, wrists or lips while "at rest" and is a common sign of parkinsonism
41
Wilson's disease
an abnormal metabolic condition which allows copper to build up in the brain, eyes, liver and other tissues of the body. It is curable
42
Writer's cramp
a focal dystonia of the finger, hand or forearm in which there is a simultaneous contraction of those muscles while writing or doing specific skilled tasks
43
Hypokinesias
cortical basal ganglionic degeneration, lewy-body disease, multiple system atrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, parkinson's disease, parkinsonism/parkinson plus syndromes, progressive supranuclear palsy, shy-drager syndrome, stiff person syndrome
44
Hyperkinesias
Ataxia, blepharospasm, chorea, dystonia, hemifacial spasm, huntington's disease, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, sydenham's chorea, tardive dyskinesia/tardive dystonia, tics, torticollis, tourette syndrome, tremor, wilson's disease, writer's cramp and musician's cramp