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1 STEP Cardio pathology > Hyperlipid, arterio, athero 12/02 > Flashcards

Hyperlipid, arterio, athero 12/02 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 signs of hyperlipidemia?

A

Xanthomas, tendinous xanthomas, corneal arcus.

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2
Q

How is called lipid deposits in cornea?

A

Corneal arcus.

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3
Q

What the most often occurs tendinous xanthomas?

A

In Achilles.

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4
Q

What the most often occurs xanthomas?

A

On eyelids. It is called xanthelasma.

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5
Q

What are xanthomas?

A

Plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden histiocytes in skin.

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6
Q

In what ages the most often occurs corneal arcus?

A

In elderly (arcus senilis).

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7
Q

How is described (2) arteriosclerosis?

A

arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.

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8
Q

What arteries are affected by arterioslerosis?

A

small arteries and arterioles.

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9
Q

What are 2 types of arteriosclersis?

A

Hyaline and hyperplastic.

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10
Q

What causes (mechanism) hyaline arteriosclerosis? How is seen on microscopy?

A

Proteins leaking into vessel wall, producing vascular thickening. LM - proteins are seen as hyaline.

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11
Q

What diseases cause hyaline arteriosclerosis?

A

Long standing benign hypertension and diabetes.

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12
Q

Long standing benign hypertension and diabetes. What vessel disease? Type?

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

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13
Q

Which vascular disease slowly progresses to chronic renal failure?

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

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14
Q

What causes (mechanism) hyperplastic arteriosclerosis? How is seen on microscopy?

A

Thickening of vessel wall by hyperplasia of smooth muscle. LM - ‘‘onion skinning”.

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15
Q

What diseases cause hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

A

Malignant hypertension, e.i. SEVERE hypertension.

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16
Q

Which vascular disease cause acute renal failure?

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

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17
Q

What is the result (2) in organs of hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

A

Reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia.

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18
Q

Reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia. What causes those changes?

A

Hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

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19
Q

What type of renal failure cause hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

A

Acute.

20
Q

What produces glomerular scarring?

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

21
Q

What causes fibrinoid vessel wall necrosis and hemorrhage?

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

22
Q

What arterial disease can cause vessel wall necrosis?

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

23
Q

,,Flea-bitten” kidney appearance is common in ……………..

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, PSGN, RPGN, HS purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa.

24
Q

Which arterial disease affects medium size arteries?

A

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

25
Q

Which arterial disease is not obstructive?

A

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

26
Q

What parts are affected in Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis)? What cause those changes?

A

Internal elastic lamina and tunica media. Vascular stiffing but no obstruction.

27
Q

Which arterial disease cause stiffing of vascular wall?

A

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

28
Q

In which arterial disease there is proliferation of smooth muscle cells in arteries?

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

29
Q

What arteries are affected by atherosclerosis?

A

Elastic arteries and large-medium size muscular arteries.

30
Q

Which part of artery is affected by atherosclerosis?

A

Intima.

31
Q

Which 2 arterial diseases cause obstruction?

A

arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.

32
Q

What arteries are affected by atherosclerosis? > > >

A

Abdominal > coronary > popliteal > internal carotid.

33
Q

Nonmodifiable factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Age (increase risk with age), gender (males and postmenopausal women), genetics (family history).

34
Q

Modifiable factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia.

35
Q

Mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

A

Dysfunction of endothelial cell –> lipids leak into the intima –> lipids oxidized –> macrophages consume —> (kinda accumulation of macrophages and LDL) –> foam cells –> FATTY STREAKS –> because of inflammation and healing - –> smooth muscle proliferation and extracellular matrix depositions –> FIBROUS PLAQUE –> complex atheromas.

36
Q

Smooth muscle cell ,,migration” in atherosclerotic plaque formation is related to ………… (2)

A

PDGF and FGF.

37
Q

What are 2 merphologic stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation?

A
  1. Fatty streaks (yellow lesions of the intima of LIPID-LADEN MACROPHRAGES).
  2. Progresses to atherosclerotic plaque.
38
Q

What receptors are used to consume lipids by macrophages?

A

Scavenger.

39
Q

What 2 processes cause fibrous plaque formation from fatty streaks?

A

Smooth muscle cell migration/proliferation and extracellular matrix depostions.

40
Q

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of impaired blood flow and ischemia? Their location.

A

Angina (in coronars), peripheral artery disease (lower extremities, e.g. popliteal), ischemic bowel syndrome (mesenteric arteries)

41
Q

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of plaque rupture and thrombosis? Their location.

A

MI (coronars) and stroke (e.g. middle cerebral artery).

42
Q

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of plaque rupture and embolization?

A

Atherosclerotic emboli, e.g. to lungs.

43
Q

How is charecterised atherosclerotic emboli?

A

Cholesterol crystals within the embolus.

44
Q

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of wall weakening?

A

Aneurysm.

45
Q

What mechanisms cause atherosclerosis complications?

A

Ischemia or impaired blood flow; plaque rupture ant thrombosis; plaque rupture and atherosclerotic thrombus; weakening of vessels wall.

46
Q

What is intimal plaque consisted of?

A

necrotic lipid core (cholesterol) and fibromuscular cap.

47
Q

What process often intimal plaque undergoes?

A

Dystrophic caltification.

1 STEP Cardio pathology (8 decks)

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