Hydrosphere ST & EST

Question 1

What is the definition of a watershed?

Answer 1

A catchment area of land whose lakes and rivers all empty into the same larger body of water.

Question 2

What does the term “upstream”?

Answer 2

Refers to the where the water is coming from in relation to a given position

Question 3

What does the term “downstream” mean?

Answer 3

Refers to where the water is flowing in relation to this position

Question 4

How does human activity effect watersheds?

Answer 4

Because water always flows down a slope, it can carry pollution from areas above

Question 5

What human activity effects watersheds?

Answer 5

-Creating a reservoir or navigation channel
-irrigating soil
-fertilizing soil
-draining or filling wetlands

Question 6

What three factors effect surface currents?

Answer 6

-Tides
-Coriolis effect
-Wind

Question 7

What effect Subsurface currents?

Answer 7

Differences in density - Changes in temperature and salinity (colder & saltier water are denser)

Question 8

What decreases water salinity

Answer 8

-Pack ice melting
-Precipitation and river input
-Glaciers melting decreases salinity

Question 9

What increases water salinity?

Answer 9

-Pack ice forming
-Evaporation

Question 10

What is the Coriolis effect

Answer 10

It is the earth’s rotation effecting surface level currents

Question 11

What is the role of the thermohaline circulation

Answer 11

It is responsible for the major heat transfers around the water because water can absorb heat and transfers it to the atmosphere

Question 12

Where does the thermohaline circulation start

Answer 12

The Gulf of Mexico

Question 13

What is the difference between pack ice and glacier

Answer 13

Glacier is a mass of ice formed on land formed by compressed snow and pack ice is made up of brackish water.

Question 14

How does pack ice melting effect the thermohaline circulation?

Answer 14

It slows down the thermohaline circulation because it dilutes the water meaning there is less water at the bottom of ocean therefore the water wont move.

Question 15

How does glaciers melting effect the thermohaline circulation

Answer 15

It slows it down because it dilutes the seawater

Question 16

Where is Glaciers found?

Answer 16

In Greenland and Antarctica as well as mountain peaks.

Question 17

Where is pack ice found?

Answer 17

Floating on the oceans near the South and North poles

Question 18

What does pack ice forming increasing or decrease salinity

Answer 18

-increases salinity

Question 19

Does pack ice melting increase or decrease salinity and sea levels?

Answer 19

-does not effect sea levels
-decreases salinity

Question 20

Does melting of glaciers effect sea levels/salinity?

Answer 20

-Increases Sea levels
-Decreases salinity

Question 21

Does precipitation increase salinity

Answer 21

No it dilutes sea water

Question 22

Does heat and drought increase the salinity of the ocean

Answer 22

Yes it does

Question 23

Does river input of water increase the salinity of the ocean?

Answer 23

No it dilutes it

Question 24

Does strong surface winds increase salinity

Answer 24

Yes it does

Question 25

Which substances contain electrolytes

Answer 25

Acids, Bases and salts (ABS)

Question 26

Name an example of a basic solution

Answer 26

Cleaners

Question 27

Name an example of an acidic solution

Answer 27

Lemon juice

Question 28

Why does a block of salt have no electrical conductivity

Answer 28

Because it has not been dissolved in water. Once it is dissolved, that allows the ions to become mobile and to separate into opposite charges (this is called electrolytic disassociation allowing the solution to conduct electricity.

Question 29

Properties of an acid:

Answer 29

-pH less than 7
-electrolytes
-can be identified by a sour taste
-acid formula starts with hydrogen (H)
-metals react with acids and release hydrogen gas

Question 30

Properties of a base:

Answer 30

-pH greater than 7
-Electrolytes
-found in cleaning products as well as heartburn medication
-has a bitter taste
-slippery
-the formula starts with a metal and ends with the the group OH
-bases do not react with metal

Question 31

Properties of salts:

Answer 31

-Neutral salts have a pH of 7
-electrolytes
-enhances the taste of food
-most salts are made up of a metal and non-metal

Question 32

What is the definition of electrolytic disassociation

Answer 32

Electrolytic disassociation is the separation of a dissolved compound into two ions of the opposite charge

Question 33

What are the two products of neutralization

Answer 33

Salt and Water

Question 34

What are the water contaminates

Answer 34

-Pesticides
-Fertilizers (contains nitrogen & phosphorus)
-Heavy metals
-Animal waste
-Oil
-Wastewater
-Plastics
-Radioactive waste

Question 35

What are the two kinds of wastewater treatment and where would it be ideal to use them?

Answer 35

1) Sceptic tanks; in homes not hooked up to a sewer system
2) Wastewater treatment plants; built near urban areas

Question 36

Which elements can wastewater contain

Answer 36

-Sand and other suspended
particles
-Pathogens
-Decomposing organic waste
-Nutrients that stimulate the excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants
-chemicals

Question 37

How do you make an electrolyte stronger?

Answer 37

By increasing the electrolytic dissociation

Question 38

What is eutrophication

Answer 38

The process of which water loses its oxygen because of excessive accumulation of organic matter & nutrients

Question 39

What is the process of eutrophication

Answer 39

1) agriculture run-off
2) accelerated growth in algae & aquatic plants
3)algae blooms and prevents sunlight from getting in causing other aquatic life tooxygen becomes depleted
4)

Question 40

What is the process of eutrophication

Answer 40

1) agriculture run-off
2) accelerated growth in algae aquatic plants
3)algae blooms and prevents sunlight from getting in causing other aquatic life to die;oxygen becomes depleted
4) because of the dead life decomposers will take up even more oxygen while they go through the decomposing process
5) death of ecosystem