Hydrosphere Flashcards
Past Paper Question related to the Hydrosphere
Use the information to explain why the stratosphere is not involved in the hydrological cycle. (2)
low temperature;
water vapour condenses (before reaching stratosphere)
Explain how the change in ocean currents during El Niño years affects coastal regions around the Pacific Ocean. (4)
changes in current temperatures;
change in moisture-holding capacity of air;
less moisture reaches coast where current is cooler;
more moisture reaches coast where current is warmer;
correct reference to named area;
Explain how the conditions for life on Earth are affected by high heat capacity of water. (2)
slow temperature change;
reduces temperature extremes;
transfers heat via ocean currents;
reference to named area to illustrate;
Explain how the conditions for life on Earth are affected by solvent properties of water. (2)
named solute;
named function for living organisms;
Explain how fitting water meters in homes affects water use. (2)
payment per volume used/knowledge of volume used;
encourages conservation/usage reduced/wastage reduced;
[A named method of reducing usage/leakage]
[R meter restricts the amount of water available]
Explain how greywater use may help to increase water availability. (2)
recycling(of used water);
[R rainwater]
to reduce use of more purified water/for low quality use/example of use;
Explain how artificial aquifer recharge may help to increase water availability. (2)
surplus surface/river/rain water;
pumped into aquifer/allowed to infiltrate from lagoon/reservoir;
increase availability when surface water is insufficient;
Outline two ways in which water shortages cause problems in Less Economically Developed Countries. (4)
stated problem;
impact of problem;
eg
hygiene named disease/pathogen/health problem
lack of irrigation water
reduced food supplies
industrial development
problem stated industrial use of water
Residence time. (1)
Quantity in reservoir/ annual rate of inflow or outflow
Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium with reference to the processes affecting the amount of water present in surface storage. (2)
Processes that maintain balance/effects cancel out;
Minimum 2 processes with counteracting effects;
Suggest two ways that vegetation may affect the movement of water in the hydrological cycle. (4)
Process/involvement of plants; How it affects movement of water/quantity in reservoir; eg Transpiration/stomata Soil/vegetation to atmosphere
Leaf interception
More in atmosphere/less on/in soil
Roots/leaf litter
Reduced runoff/more infiltration
Use examples to explain the difference between abstractive and non-abstractive uses of water. (2)
Abstractive:
Removed from source for named use;
eg
Named public water supply use/industrial washing /solvent/irrigation
Non-abstractive:
Not removed from source for named use;
eg
Hydro-electric power/shipping/recreation/wildlife conservation
wetland management/other named non-abstractive use
Explain how the use of aquifer water for irrigation in some areas has caused crop death through soil salinisation. (2)
Osmotic dehydration; Saltwater incursion (into aquifer) / water evaporates and salt concentration increases
Outline two ways that the storage of river water in a reservoir reduces the need for further treatment. (4)
process in reservoir/treatment process not needed;
one linked explanation;
eg
sedimentation/settling
static water/turbidity/particles/suspended solids
[A filtration not required]
sterilisation/UV light/ozone treatment/chlorination pathogens killed/removed
aeration
reduction of odours/dissolved metals
activated carbon filters
degradation/adsorption of organic substances/pesticides
[R screening/litter removal/reverse osmosis not needed]
Explain how very large reservoirs may alter the temperature extremes in the surrounding area. (2)
reduced (extremes)/more constant temperature;
high heat capacity/thermal mass;
heat storage/heat absorbed and released later/slow temperature change;
role of wind in heat transfer;
OR
reduced (extremes)/more constant temperature;
increased evaporation/cloud cover; increased albedo/reduced IR transmission;
Outline two other ways that very large reservoirs may change the microclimate downwind. (4)
increased cloud albedo;
reduced sunlight;
low friction;
increased wind speed;
increased evaporation;
increased humidity/increased precipitation/named form of precipitation;
Suggest why the long-term use of groundwater for irrigation may make the cultivation of some areas impossible. (2)
salt/salinisation/salt water incursion; toxic/osmosis/dehydration;
Explain why increasing the availability of treated water for domestic use in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) may increase social and economic development. (4)
increased personal hygiene/fewer water-borne diseases/pathogens;
named water-borne disease/pathogen;
eg typhoid/cholera/polio/dysentery/diarrhoea/Bilharzia/E. coli
less time spent fetching water;
lower mortality/less debilitating disease; can do more work/attend school; can do more work so increased income;
less money spent on treating preventable health problems;
reduced conflicts over water supply;
Describe how sedimentation lagoons reduces environmental problems. (2)
time/static;
suspended solids/particles settle (in lagoon);
[R sedimentation without reference to particles]
reduces sedimentation/turbidity/light penetration problems (in river);
Describe how water spraying reduces environmental problems. (2)
particles become heavier/stick together/increases cohesion/clumps;
dust reduced/settles;
Outline one method that may be used to measure the pH of mine drainage water. (2)
pH meter;
calibrated;
or
universal indicator/pH indicator paper/solution;
colour chart/comparison/colorimeter;
[R litmus, reference to choice of only two colours]
Explain why there is very little water vapour in the stratosphere. (2)
(upper) troposphere/below stratosphere is below zero/very cold;
water vapour condenses/freezes/falls as precipitation
Mine drainage water can alter the pH of the rivers into which the water is discharged.
Describe one method that can be used to measure the pH of mine drainage water. (2)
electronic pH meter/probe;
calibrated;
or
Universal indicator solution/papers;
[R litmus paper] colour comparison/colour chart/colorimeter;
Outline two other environmental problems for local rivers, which may be caused by mine drainage water, and suggest how the mine drainage water may be treated to control each problem. (4 [2+2])
problem;
linked solution;
eg
turbidity/suspended solids
sedimentation/filtration/settling
or
heavy metal leachate
lime/high pH reduced solubility/ phytoremediation/electrolysis
[R toxic leachate unless qualified]
or
altered river flow rate
control of pumping rate
or
phosphates
iron salts/flocculation/reed bed/ phytoremediation
or
soluble iron
aeration
or
cyanide
oxidation/use of SO2
Describe two environmental problems caused by the overexploitation of aquifers. (4)
2 linked points;
eg
reduced aquifer pressure
lowered water table
drying of named surface water feature/impact on named taxon
saltwater incursion
contamination of drinking water/irrigation water/soil water
reduced water support/reduced pore water pressure subsidence
credit any point once only
Suggest how the residence time of water in land ice is affected by human activities. (2)
reduced RT;
increased melting/reduced freezing;