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Geography > Hydrology > Flashcards

Hydrology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Groundwater

A

Water held in soil and in crevices between rock and sediments, mostly found within a few hundred metres of the surface.

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2
Q

Define Water Table

A

Upper layer of the saturated zone above; This is breached by human water systems for extraction

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3
Q

Define recharge

A

Extracted water may be replaced by rainwater/infiltration/inflow and seepage from rivers and lakes.

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4
Q

Throughfall

A

Precipitation that falls directly onto the ground

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5
Q

Define Stemflow

A

During/after rainfall, the flow of intercepted water down the trunk or stem of a plant

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6
Q

Define overland flow

A

Water that flows over the lands surface. This occurs when precipitation exceeds that infiltration rate.

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7
Q

Define channel flow

A

Movement of water in streams and rivers, eventually becoming discharge

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8
Q

Define infiltration

A

Process by which soil soaks into or is absorbed by soil

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9
Q

Define percolation

A

The slow movement of water through the pores in soil or permeable rock.

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10
Q

Define throughflow

A

Water that flows through the soil to a river

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11
Q

Define baseflow

A

The name of the groundwater flow that keeps a river charged with water between rainfall events.

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12
Q

What were the causes of 2007 Tewkesbury flood?

A

June 2007 Rainfall - 140mm
150mm rainfall in from 20-21 July in Gloucestershire
-Tewkesbury situated on confluence of 2 rivers

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13
Q

What were some social effects of the floods?

A
  • Mythe water treatment park contaminated
  • 350,000 people left without water in Gloucestershire, and 75,000 in Tewkesbury itself
  • 13 Deaths
  • People left homeless until December (in caravans)
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14
Q

What were the economic impacts on Tewkesbury?

A
  • 3 Billion overall cost to insures
  • 7,000 businesses flooded
    -120,000 household insurance claims
  • 18,000 motor claims
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15
Q

Explain hydraulic action

A

The sheer force of the water hitting and eroding the river bank, wearing away the rock and soil

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16
Q

Explain abrasion

A

The wearing away of the bed and bank by the load

17
Q

Explain attrition

A

The sediment knocks into itself and erodes each other

18
Q

Explain Traction

A

Larger loads like larger rocks are dragged along the river bed

19
Q

Explain saltation

A

Smaller rocks are bounced and are transported at the bottom of the river bed

20
Q

Explain suspension

A

Small particles are suspended in the flow of the water

21
Q

Explain solution

A

River dissolves minerals from rocks, and the dissolved load is transported in water

22
Q

Explain cavitation

A

The direct continuous force of the flowing water forces air bubbles into the cracks in the soil / rocks of the bed / banks. These implode, causing a mini shockwave, breaking soils apart

23
Q

Explain solution:

A

Particles in rocks are dissolved by weak acids in the water

24
Q

What is flocculation

A

Where sediments join together, increase in mass and sink, eventually stacking to form islands

25
Q

What are some ways humans have modified catchment flows and stores?

A
  • Urbanisation/Deforestation/Afforestation
  • Abstraction (Extraction of water from a river)
  • Water storage (building dams or rivers)
26
Q

What are some natural flood management strategies?

A
  • Use of small barriers in ditches/fields
  • Notches cut into embankments to divert water into open land
  • Letting pools form outside of the main channel, water is temporarily removed from the main channel, reducing power of the flood
27
Q

What is dredging?

A

Removing silt off a river bed, potentially increasing its ability to carry water downstream

28
Q

What are some disadvantages of dredging?

A
  • Can’t prevent rivers from flooding
  • Costly
  • Can be harmful to the environment
  • Weakens river banks and bridges
29
Q

What are some advantages of flood barriers?

A

Lightweight flood barriers are cheap, can be placed in various positions, and be removed easily

30
Q

What does a frame barrier do?

A
  • Uses weight of floodwater itself to hold in place

Geography (10 decks)

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