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cell and molecular biology > hydrocarbons > Flashcards

hydrocarbons Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of molecules is carbon present in

A

fats, sugars, DNA, proteins

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2
Q

what is the function of carbon

A
  • source of energy
  • used in carbon cycle
  • allows variety and complexity of molecules
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3
Q

if something contains carbon what is it

A

organic

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4
Q

what is the black earth

A

toxic gases, high temperature and pressure

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5
Q

what is abiotic

A
  • non living
  • synthesis of organic compounds
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6
Q

what organic molecule was formed

A

amino acids

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7
Q

what are amino acids

A

the building blocks of proteins

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8
Q

what is needed to build amino acids and proteins

A

carbon

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9
Q

how many protein structures are there

A

4 (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)

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10
Q

describe what happens to the amount of carbon in the carbon cycle

A

the amount of carbon in the environment never changes (stays the same)

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11
Q

what is the percentage of carbon in the body

A

18%

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12
Q

what is the octet rule

A
  • means that an atom needs to have 8 electrons in the outer shell
  • as carbon has 4 valence electrons it can make 4 covalent bonds
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13
Q

what are hydrocarbons made of

A

carbon and hydrogen

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14
Q

name the structures and phases hydrocarbons can occur

A
  • gases (methane), liquids (benzene) and solids (paraffin wax)
  • polymers (polyethylene)
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15
Q

what is the classification for hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbons can be split into two types called aliphatic and aromatic.

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16
Q

what are aliphatic hydrocarbons split into

A

aliphatic is further subdivided into saturated and unsaturated, saturated meaning single bonds either in a ring or linear (eg, alkanes) and unsaturated meaning double or triple bonds (linear or ring) (eg, alkenes, alkynes).

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17
Q

what are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

they are a conjugated system of single and double bonds that are in a ring. (eg, benzene)

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18
Q

describe and give an example of the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon

A
  • gives the number of each atom present but no info about bonding
  • C3H8 (propane)
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19
Q

describe and give an example of the condensed formula of a hydrocarbon

A
  • shows no bonds between atoms
  • CH3CH2CH3
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20
Q

describe and give an example of the structural formula of a hydrocarbon

A
  • shows the structural arrangement of atoms and not all bonds are shown
  • CH3—CH2—CH3
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21
Q

what is the displayed formula

A

shows all the atoms and bonds present in the compound

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22
Q

what is the skeletal formula

A

drawed in lines

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23
Q

what is the general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

what is an alkane

A

the simplest form of hydrocarbon

25
Q

in an alkane how may hydrogens do each carbon bond to

A

4

26
Q

what is the homologous series

A

they are hydrocarbons that have the same general formula and chemical properties. however, they also show a gradual change in physical properties

27
Q

how would you name an alkane and give an example

A

number of carbons + suffix (ane)
eg, butane (4 carbons)

28
Q

how would you name a side chain an give an example

A

number of carbons + suffix (yl)
eg, butyl

29
Q

what is the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

30
Q

what type of bond do alkenes have

A

double bond

31
Q

what is the general formula of alkynes

A

CnH2n-2

32
Q

what type of bond do alkynes have

A

triple bonds

33
Q

what is the suffix for alkynes

A

yne

34
Q

how many functional groups are there

A

7

35
Q

name the 7 functional groups

A
  • carbonyl group (ketone/aldehyde)
  • hydroxyl group (alcohol= OH)
  • carboxyl group (amino acid= COOH)
  • amino group (amino acid= NH2)
  • sulfhydryl group (protein structure=SH)
  • phosphate group (DNA= OPO3)
  • methyl group (DNA methylation= CH3)
36
Q

what makes aldehydes and ketones different even though they are carbonyl groups

A

aldehydes have a H and R group next to the carbon with the double bond but ketones have R groups on both sides of carbon with double bond

37
Q

describe amino acids

A
  • both part of amine and carboxyl group
  • has side chains that are R groups
38
Q

describe sulfhydryl group

A
  • when 2 cysteine residues are close to each other they can form a disulphide bridge called cystine
  • they stabilise protein structure
39
Q

describe phosphate group

A

they are charged and as they release H+ ions into the solution they’re acidic. Sugar-phosphate is also the backbone of DNA

40
Q

describe methyl groups

A

they’re from methane, they’re hydrophobic and non-polar

41
Q

what is DNA methylation

A

this is when we change the activity of the DNA segment (region of the chromosome that has a specific function) without changing the sequence

42
Q

what are isomers

A
  • an equal number of atoms of the same element
  • they have different molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms
  • have different structures and properties
43
Q

what are the two types of isomers

A

structural isomerism and stereo isomerism

44
Q

what are the types of structural isomers

A

chain, position and functional group isomerism

45
Q

what is a chain isomer

A

it has a different arrangement of chain backbone

46
Q

what is a position isomer

A

when the functional group has a different position in the chain

47
Q

what is functional group isomerism

A

when there’s a different functional group

48
Q

what is stereo isomerism

A

an example is cis-trans isomers:
- which have the same number of carbons and hydrogens
- the double bond is restricted from rotating (inflexibility)
- on each side of the double bond there are different rotations

49
Q

what is cis in cis-trans isomers

A
  • same molecule on same side of double bond (opposite)
  • backbone has a bend
  • cis fats are oils at room temperature
50
Q

what is trans in cis-trans isomers

A
  • same molecule on opposite side of double bond (across)
  • backbone which is carbon) van be more or less linear
  • trans fats are solid at room temperature
51
Q

what are different types of stereoisomers

A
  • cis-trans isomers
  • conformational isomers
  • enantiomers
52
Q

what is a conformational isomer

A

this is when there are different orientations (diff forms) of a ring structure which can be interconverted (turned into) due to rotation around a single bond

53
Q

what are enantiomers

A
  • they are nom-superimposable (can’t be rotated) mirror images of each other
  • has an asymmetric carbon and 4 different groups of atoms
  • has a chiral centre
54
Q

what are types of enantiomers

A

L and D isomers, R,S system

55
Q

what do enantiomers do

A
  • they rotate plane polarized light (D isomers rotate to right and L isomers rotate light to left)
  • they’re optically active
56
Q

what’s a racemic mixture

A

when there’s equal amounts of D and L isomers (enantiomers)

57
Q

what is the R,S system (enantiomers)

A

this is the cahn-ingold-prelog system. the R stands for rectus and S stands for sinister

58
Q

what is the pharmacological importance of enantiomers

A

thalidomide was supposed to be a sedative however when given to pregnant women it caused defects on the babies. they gave R-thalidomide instead of S-thalidomide which is the sedative

59
Q

what are examples of pharmacological enantiomers

A
  • ibuprofen= the effective enantiomer is S and ineffective is R
  • albuterol= the effective enantiomer is R and ineffective is R

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