Hybrid Orbitals Flashcards
How many valance orbitals does Carbon have and what are they?
Four orbitals: 2s 2px 2py 2pz
The number of hybrid orbitals must be the same as…
The number of valence orbitals. Eg Methane had four sp3hybrid orbitals because carbon has four valence orbitals.
How is an sp3 hybrid orbital made?
Made up of 1 x s orbital and 3x p orbitals therefore, sp3.
Describe the size of the lobes in an sp3 orbital.
Large frontal lobe and small rear lobe.
In methane the electrons are positioned as far from each other as possible, what angle does this give?
109.5 degrees
What are sp2 hybrid orbitals made up of?
1 x s and 2 x p orbitals.
How many hybrid and valence orbitals does sp2 hybridisation produce?
3 x sp2 hybrid orbitals and 1xp valence orbital.
How is a double bond formed?
Each carbon atom (sp2 hybridised) has an un hybridised p orbital which lie parallel to each other and close enough to overlap above and below the sp2 hybrid orbital. This overlap produces a new orbital between the two atoms called a pi bond.
What kind of bonds are formed through sp3 hybridisation?
Sigma bonds only.
What kind of bonds are formed through sp2 hybridisation?
Sigma and pi bonds.
Give three features of a double bond.
Extra bond pulls atoms closer so a double bond is smaller than a single bond.
Sideways overlap isn’t as effective as end-on overlap so a double bond is stronger than a single but not twice as strong.
Limited rotation around a double bond.
How is an sp hybrid orbital made?
From 1 x s and 1 x p orbital.
How many hybrid and how many valence orbitals are formed after sp hybridisation.
Two sp hybrid orbitals and two unhybridised p orbitals.
Give an example of a molecule containing sp hybridisation
Acetylene (CHCH)
How many pi and sigma bonds does acetylene contain?
Three sigma and two pi
