Drew Thomson

Question 1

Are carbonyl compounds planar?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is the angle between atoms in carbonyl compounds?

Answer 2

120 degrees

Question 3

From what type of hybridisation do carbonyl compounds arise?

Answer 3

Sp2 hybridisation

Question 4

What will carbonyls react with?

Answer 4

Metal ions and partially positive OH

Question 5

What does supramolecular mean?

Answer 5

Consisting of many molecules

Question 6

Why is the double bond O structure the major component?

Answer 6

The double bond is strong and want to reform

Question 7

What makes a good leaving group?

Answer 7

Low pKa - more stable

Question 8

How can we work out the leaving group if we have the pH and pKa?

Answer 8

pH = pKa + log10 [A-]/[HA]

Question 9

Why are aldehydes and ketones volatile?

Answer 9

They form weak interactions with other molecules

Question 10

Aldehydes and ketones are odorant molecules, name some scents.

Answer 10

Vanilla
Musk
Cut grass

Question 11

Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

Answer 11

They are less hindered as the carbonyl group is on the end carbon and so there are less electron donating effects too.

Question 12

Aldehydes and ketones are dipolar and apropic, what does apropic mean?

Answer 12

Can be protonated

Question 13

What kind of reactions are carbonyl compounds unable to undergo?

Answer 13

Substitution reactions

Question 14

Nucleophiles cannot act as a…

Answer 14

Leaving group

Question 15

Strong nucleophiles include…

Answer 15

Grignard reagent

Acetylide (strong base)

Question 16

What does hydride addition do?

Answer 16

Reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols

Question 17

How is an imine formed from an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer 17

Dehydration reaction (acid catalysed)
Aldehyde + ketone > imine and water

Question 18

How are imines stabilized?

Answer 18

By conjugation

Question 19

Can imines act as ligands for metals?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What is the consequence of a more basic amine?

Answer 20

A more stable imine

Question 21

What is the feature of an oxime?

Answer 21

NH2 is attached to an O in some way

Ligation reactions

Question 22

What is an example of a natural imine?

Answer 22

Vitamin B6

Question 23

How is an acetylene formed?

Answer 23

Acid catalysed

Aldehyde or ketone + 2 alcohols

Question 24

How do short-chain carboxylic acids smell?

Answer 24

Bad

Question 25

What are salts of fatty acids?

Answer 25

Soaps

Question 26

What is soap scum?

Answer 26

Divalent ions

Question 27

What are the different ways to synthesise carboxylic acids?

Answer 27

Oxidation of a primary alcohol Oxidation of Benzylic CH3 Grignard reagent with CO2 Hydrolysis of Cyanides

Question 28

What are derivatives of carboxylic acids?

Answer 28

``` Acid chlorides Acid anhydrides Thioesters Esters Amides ```

Question 29

Are throes très or esters more reactive

Answer 29

Thioesters are much more reactive

Question 30

How are primary amides formed from acid chlorides?

Answer 30

Reaction of ammonia | Ammonia acts as a base and as a nucleophile

Question 31

How good are acid anhydrides as electrophiles?

Answer 31

Moderate

Question 32

How is an anhydride formed?

Answer 32

Acid + acid chloride From carboxylic acids and heat Lose water

Question 33

What is aniline?

Answer 33

Benzene ring with NH2 | Reacts with anhydrides

Question 34

What are thioesters a derivative of?

Answer 34

Carboxylic acid and thiol

Question 35

What is an example of a thioester?

Answer 35

Acetyl co-enzyme A | CH3OS

Question 36

What is saponification?

Answer 36

Base hydrolysis of esters

Question 37

How would you prepare an amine?

Answer 37

Alkylation of ammonium Reduction of nitrogen compounds Reductive amination (reduction of an imine to an amine)