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Chemistry > Drew Thomson > Flashcards

Drew Thomson Flashcards

1
Q

Are carbonyl compounds planar?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What is the angle between atoms in carbonyl compounds?

A

120 degrees

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3
Q

From what type of hybridisation do carbonyl compounds arise?

A

Sp2 hybridisation

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4
Q

What will carbonyls react with?

A

Metal ions and partially positive OH

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5
Q

What does supramolecular mean?

A

Consisting of many molecules

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6
Q

Why is the double bond O structure the major component?

A

The double bond is strong and want to reform

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7
Q

What makes a good leaving group?

A

Low pKa - more stable

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8
Q

How can we work out the leaving group if we have the pH and pKa?

A

pH = pKa + log10 [A-]/[HA]

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9
Q

Why are aldehydes and ketones volatile?

A

They form weak interactions with other molecules

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10
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are odorant molecules, name some scents.

A

Vanilla
Musk
Cut grass

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11
Q

Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

A

They are less hindered as the carbonyl group is on the end carbon and so there are less electron donating effects too.

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12
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are dipolar and apropic, what does apropic mean?

A

Can be protonated

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13
Q

What kind of reactions are carbonyl compounds unable to undergo?

A

Substitution reactions

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14
Q

Nucleophiles cannot act as a…

A

Leaving group

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15
Q

Strong nucleophiles include…

A

Grignard reagent

Acetylide (strong base)

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16
Q

What does hydride addition do?

A

Reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols

17
Q

How is an imine formed from an aldehyde or ketone?

A 
Dehydration reaction (acid catalysed)
Aldehyde + ketone > imine and water
18
Q

How are imines stabilized?

A

By conjugation

19
Q

Can imines act as ligands for metals?

A

Yes

20
Q

What is the consequence of a more basic amine?

A

A more stable imine

21
Q

What is the feature of an oxime?

A

NH2 is attached to an O in some way

Ligation reactions

22
Q

What is an example of a natural imine?

A

Vitamin B6

23
Q

How is an acetylene formed?

A

Acid catalysed

Aldehyde or ketone + 2 alcohols

24
Q

How do short-chain carboxylic acids smell?

A

Bad

25
Q

What are salts of fatty acids?

A

Soaps

26
Q

What is soap scum?

A

Divalent ions

27
Q

What are the different ways to synthesise carboxylic acids?

A

Oxidation of a primary alcohol
Oxidation of Benzylic CH3
Grignard reagent with CO2
Hydrolysis of Cyanides

28
Q

What are derivatives of carboxylic acids?

A 
Acid chlorides
Acid anhydrides
Thioesters
Esters
Amides
29
Q

Are throes très or esters more reactive

A

Thioesters are much more reactive

30
Q

How are primary amides formed from acid chlorides?

A

Reaction of ammonia

Ammonia acts as a base and as a nucleophile

31
Q

How good are acid anhydrides as electrophiles?

A

Moderate

32
Q

How is an anhydride formed?

A

Acid + acid chloride
From carboxylic acids and heat
Lose water

33
Q

What is aniline?

A

Benzene ring with NH2

Reacts with anhydrides

34
Q

What are thioesters a derivative of?

A

Carboxylic acid and thiol

35
Q

What is an example of a thioester?

A

Acetyl co-enzyme A

CH3OS

36
Q

What is saponification?

A

Base hydrolysis of esters

37
Q

How would you prepare an amine?

A

Alkylation of ammonium
Reduction of nitrogen compounds
Reductive amination (reduction of an imine to an amine)

Chemistry (3 decks)

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