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Chemistry > Carbon and its Various Shapes and Functions > Flashcards

Carbon and its Various Shapes and Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What shape is a car anion?

A

Tetrahedral

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2
Q

What shape is a carbocation?

A

Trigonal planar

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3
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What are the different types of name?

A

Systematic
Semi-systematic (part systematic, part trivial)
Common/trivial

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5
Q

Give the rules for nomenclature.

A
  1. Identify largest chain of C atoms (other bits are substituents)
  2. Number the chain (substituents have the lowest numbers)
  3. List substituents in alphabetical order (ignore di-, tri-, ect.)
  4. Hyphens between numbers and letters, commas between numbers
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6
Q

What is the general formula of cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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7
Q

Cycloalkanes occur in many important compounds like…

A

Steroids

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8
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Same formulae and bond pattern but a different arrangements of the atom in space.

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9
Q

What is a chiral compound?

A

A compound containing a carbon atom that has four different groups attached. Eg Lactic Acid. C attached to H, CH3, OH and COOH

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10
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

An isomer with the opposite arrangement (cigs or trans) to the other one.

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11
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

An asymmetrical non-superimposable mirror image

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12
Q

How do enantiomers differ from each other?

A

They are mirror images and have opposite effects on plane polarised light.

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13
Q

What is special about plane polarised light?

A

It oscillates in one direction only.

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14
Q

What effect will achiral and chiral compounds have on plane polarised light?

A

If ppl is passed through an achiral compound then it will pass through and exit without being affected.
If it is passed through a solution containing even one single enantiomer of a chiral compound then it will be rotated and is described as being optically active.

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15
Q

What do you call a mixture containing equal amounts of each enantiomer?

A

Racemic mixture

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16
Q

Optical isomers have identical chemical properties except…

A

When reactions occur in a chiral environment

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17
Q

Will both enantiomers fit the active site of an enzyme?

A

No, only one.

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18
Q

How does the E-Z convention work?

A
  1. Assign priority to atom with highest mass at each end of double bond.
  2. If highest priority atom is on same side call it Z
  3. If highest priority atom on different side call it E
19
Q

Nucleophiles are usually…

A

Negative or partially negative

20
Q

Electrophiles are usually…

A

Positive or partially positive

21
Q

Are Alkanes nucleophiles or electrophiles?

A

Nucleophiles

22
Q

What are the main reactions that Alkanes undergo?

A

Addition Eg
Bromination (Br2) (dipole induced by electron rich double bond)
Hydrobromination (HBr)
Hydration (H2O) (H+ produced with alcohol)
Hydrogenation (H2) (Hs delivered to same side of Alkene (cis))
Dihydroxylation (kMnO4, NaOH) (produces diols (glycols))
Oxidation with Acidic Permangenate (KMnO4, H3O+)
Ozonolysis (O3)

23
Q

Addition to unsymmetrical Alkanes can form more than one product but one is favoured over the others, why?

A

Markovnikov’s rule - the H from an HX bond will attach to the Carbon atom that already has the most Hs attached.

24
Q

Describe the stability of carbocations (tertiary, secondary, etc.)

A

Tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl
This is because the alkyl groups stabilise the carbocation (electron donating effect)
The most stable carbocation available will form (markovnikovs rule)

25
Q

What happens during ozonolysis?

A

Lysis or cleavage using ozone
Two stage process - overall reaction
Ozone is an electrophile
Products of ozonolysis - Break C -C double bond and add O to each end.

26
Q

How many addition reactions does acetylene undergo?

A

Two successive addition reactions. Markovnikovs rule is obeyed

27
Q

How would acetylene undergo hydrobromination?

A

The H-Br bond breaks, with the electrons from the triple bond stealing the H. The Br then nucleophilically attacks the carbocation. More HBr is used to add a rod the double bond.

28
Q

What is produced in hydrogenation of but - 2 - yne?

A

With Pd catalyst - butane

With Lindlar’s catalyst - cis-but-2-ene (useful for making cis double bonds)

29
Q

What is Hydration of Acetylene good for?

A

Useful for making ketones

30
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

One substituents is removed and replaced by another

31
Q

What happens in an elimination reaction?

A

A substituents is removed

32
Q

What makes a good nucleophiles?

A

Negative ions better than corresponding neutral atoms
Elements lower in group better than elements higher in same group
More electronegative elements in same row are poorer nucleophiles

33
Q

What affects the rate of nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide?

A 
Steric hinderance
As steric hinderance increases, relative rate decreases.
Methyl - 20
Primary - 1
Secondary - 0.3

Tertiary is an exception - 10^6 (this suggests different mechanism)

34
Q

Sn2 mechanism has how many steps and how many molecules in RDS?

A

Two molecules in RDS and is a one step process (concerted reaction)

35
Q

Sn1 mechanism has how many steps and how many molecules in RDS?

A

One step and two molecules in RDS

36
Q

What kind of reactions to tertiary alkyl halides undergo and why?

A

Sn1 because:

  1. Steric effects - nucleophilic attack hindered by many alkyl groups.
  2. Electronic effects - tertiary carbocation is stable (electron donating effect)
37
Q

What is the problem with elimination and substitution reactions?

A

They may compete with each other.

38
Q

Who won the Nobel prize for the Grignard reagent and when?

A

Victor Grignard - 1912

39
Q

What did Victor Girgnard do?

A

He reacted Mg with Alkyl Halides (CH3-I) which turned the carbon into a nucleophile.
It becomes a strong base so will react violently with water meaning anhydrous conditions are needed.

40
Q

What are the reactions of alcohols?

A
  1. Reactions of O-H bond (not good for making CH3O-)
  2. Reactions of lone pairs
  3. Reactions of C-O bond (acid conditions needed)
  4. Reactions of alpha C- H bond (oxidation with Cr 6+)
41
Q

pKa values

A 
Higher values - less acidic
HCl - -7
Acetic Acid - 5
Water - 14
Methanol - 16
42
Q

Why do ethers have high bps?

A

H bonding

43
Q

Why is diethyl ether a good solvent?

A

It has a low bp

Chemistry (3 decks)

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