HY Anatomy

Question 1

4 major dopaminergic pathways

Answer 1

mesolimbic (incr D2 = psychotic hallucination, delusion)
mesocortical
tuberoinfundibular (connect hypothalamus-Pituitary glands = D2 is tonic inh of prolactin secretion)
nigrostriatal

Question 2

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus secrete what Neurotransmitters?

Answer 2

Dopamine

*bind D2

Question 3

Neural pathway that connects Broca & Wernicke areas

*Fx: expressive/ receptive language

Answer 3

Arcuate fasciculus

*Dysfx = conduction aphasia = fluent speech, intact comprehension, impaired repetition.

Question 4

What neuro tract?

projects from hypothalamus to the ciliospinal center of intermediolateral cell column (T1-L2)

*symp innervation to ipsi eye and face

Answer 4

Hypothalamospinal tract

*Dysfx = ipsi horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis)

Question 5

Which neuro tract?

Transmits pain and temperature signals from contralateral body to the thalamus

Answer 5

Lateral medullary spinothalamic tract

*Dysfx = Wallenberg syndrome = loss of pain and temp sensation on the contralateral body and ipsi face + vertigo, hoarseness, dysphagia, abn eye movements.

Question 6

Which neuro tract?

Projects from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen

*regulates coordination of voluntary movement.

Answer 6

Nigrostriatal pathway

• Dysfx/ D2 R blockade = extrapyramidal effects = dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia
• drug induced parkinsonism.

Question 7

Damage to which anatomical region?

Personality change, disinhibition, irritability

Answer 7

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
*frontal lobe connect with limbic system

Question 8

Damage to which anatomical region?

split brain syndrome - unable to use 1 hand to retrieve an object palpated with the other hand

Answer 8

corpus collosum

Question 9

Damage to which anatomical region?

difficulties with spatial and visual perception

Answer 9

parietal cortex

• Dominant lesions (>95% of R handed, >50% of L handed) = Gerstmann syndrome = R handed confusion & difficulty with writing/ math
• nondominant (MC r sided): hemi neglect, constructional apraxia, denial of problem

Question 10

Damage to which anatomical region?

disturbances in language, sensory interpretation, impaired memory

~behavior change, apathy, hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia (Kluver-Bucy syndrome)

Answer 10

temporal cortex

• non-dominant lesion: affect nonverbal memory, musical ability
• dominant: verbal memory, word recognition

Question 11

Damage to which anatomical region?

executive fx, motivation, organization, planning, purposeful action

Answer 11

lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 12

Diagnosis:

Fixed belief
hallucination, disorganization, absent

Answer 12

Delusional DO

Erotomanic: believe someone is in love with them
grandiose: believe they have great talent/ insights/ achievements
Jealous: believe partner is unfaithful
Persecutory: believe they are being cheated, spied on, poisoned, harassed
Somatic: believe bodily fx and sensations are abn

Question 13

Diagnosis:

Overarching sus, distrust
no persistent/false/fixed beliefs

Answer 13

paranoid personality DO

Question 14

Diagnosis:

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior, negative sx

> 6mo

Answer 14

Schizophrenia

Question 15

Diagnosis:

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior, negative sx

1-6 mo

Answer 15

Schizophreniform DO

Question 16

Spinal LV: IVC

Answer 16

T8

Question 17

cardiac tissue conduction velocity

fastest to lowest

Answer 17

Purkinje system > atrial m > ventricular m > AV node

*Part at venture ave