HW Characterization, Containment and Remediation - Exam II Material

Question 1

Describes diffusion in one direction and how it changes with time

Answer 1

Fick’s Law

Question 2

Solutes move from a zone of higher concentration to a zone of lower concentration

Answer 2

Diffusion

Question 3

Solutes are carried along with flow groundwater

- Related to the avg linear velocity and the effective porosity of the aquifer.

Answer 3

Advection

Question 4

Variable flow rates and flow paths result in dispersion of solutes

Answer 4

Mechanical dispersion

Question 5

The process of diffusion cannot be separated from mechanical dispersion

Answer 5

Hydrodynamic dispersion

Question 6

Point source solute introduced as a slug injection

Answer 6

Fixed concentration

Question 7

Continued point source solute introduced over time at fixed location

Answer 7

Fixed gradient

Question 8

Flow rate and solute concentration within the system change with time

Answer 8

Variable flux

Question 9

In-situ process where microbes are used to degrade or immobilize contaminants

Answer 9

Bioremediation

Question 10

Use of natural processes to remediate a site, with the involvement of careful monitoring

Answer 10

Monitored Natural Attenuation

Question 11

New technique that is used extensively to remediate LUST sites have contaminated GW with petroleum products

Answer 11

In-Situ Air Sparging

Question 12

Treatment designed to degrade or immobilize contaminants as GW flows through an engineered barrier

Answer 12

Permeable Reactive Barriers

Question 13

In-Situ Flushing

Answer 13

Process involves use of an aqueous solution

Question 14

Most common technology used for GW remediation

Answer 14

Pump and Treat Method (Only Ex-Situ GW Remediation)

Question 15

Methods used to remove, immobilize or degrade/destroy contaminants in the GW based on physical, chemical, and biological processess

Answer 15

Technologies

Question 16

Particles with diameters less than 1 mm, insoluble organic liquids and mineral matters

Answer 16

Colloid

Question 17

Colloids can travel faster than the avg linear velocity bc they can only travel through larger pore throats

Answer 17

Size-Exclusion Effect

Question 18

Phenomenon that occurs when solutes move through a GW system at rates slower than the groundwater velocity

Answer 18

Retardation

Question 19

Process where solutes attach to mineral surfaces

Answer 19

Adsorption

Question 20

Solutes diffuse into porous material and adhere to interior surfaces

Answer 20

Absorption

Question 21

Microbial products that can further enhance retardation by slowing dispersion and advection processes.

Answer 21

Biofilm

Question 22

Degredation of organic molecules primarily through microbial processes

Answer 22

Biodegredation

Question 23

Convergence of uniformly infiltrating fluid as a result of permeability variations

Answer 23

Fingering (preferential flowpath)

Question 24

Horizontal migration along an inclined, porous surface, limiting vertical migration of fluid

Answer 24

Funneling (preferential flowpath)

Question 25

Preferential pathways for the downward migration of fluids

Answer 25

Macropores

Question 26

LNAPL can partition into a vapor phase as described by Henry's Law

Answer 26

Volitilization

Question 27

Contaminated Site Characterization

Answer 27

1. Preliminary assessment 2. Preliminary site visit 3. Detailed site investigation 4. Decontamination 5. Chain of custody 6. Geologic samples 7. Hydrologic sampling

Question 28

Developed based on risk assessment

Answer 28

Redmediation

Question 29

Installation of low permeability physical barriers

Answer 29

Passive systems (In-Situ Containment)

Question 30

Manipulation of hydraulic gradients (pumping, injection, drains)

Answer 30

Active Systems (In-Situ Containment)

Question 31

Overlapping grout bulbs are injected under contaminant zone

Answer 31

Permeation Grouting (bottom barrier)

Question 32

Short, overlapping columns/ disks are formed beneath contaminant

Answer 32

Jet Grouting (bottom barrier)

Question 33

Parabolic path i drilled under contaminant then backfilled with grout material

Answer 33

Directional Drilling w/ Grouting (bottom barrier)

Question 34

Simultaneous injection of high pressure grout throughout a well field that results in the planar fracturing and lifting of the contaminant block and emplacement of a low permeability grout seam

Answer 34

Hydrofracturing / Block Displacement Method (bottom barrier)

Question 35

Permeation grout is injected around steel piles to seal seams

Answer 35

Sheet Pile w/ Injection Grouting

Question 36

Wells installed to remove contaminated water from the subsurface or to draw contaminate away from highly sensitive area

Answer 36

Extraction Well

Question 37

Fluids can be injected to created water table/potentiometric highs that can redirect GW flow or create GW barriers

Answer 37

Injection Well

Question 38

Hydraulic conditions can be modified to capture, divert or isolate contaminant plumes.

Answer 38

Well Systems

Question 39

Extends / enlarges existing fractures to increase the efficiency of in-situ remediation technologies

Answer 39

Soil Fracturing

Question 40

Removal, stabilization or degradation of contaminants in soils by plants

Answer 40

Phtyoremediation

Question 41

Process that uses microbes to degrade organic contaminants or immobolize inorganic contaminants

Answer 41

Bioremediation

Question 42

Technology to melt and convert contaminated soil into stable glass or crystalline product **Contaminants are immobilized through chemical bonding or encapsulation.

Answer 42

Vitrification

Question 43

Method of heating soils (200 - 1000°F) to cause contaminants with low boiling points to vaporize

Answer 43

Thermal Desorption

Question 44

Process where an electric potential is applied to the soil and contaminants are transported towards the electrodes

Answer 44

Electrokinetic Remediation

Question 45

Advective transport or movement of water or moisture under an electric field

Answer 45

Electroosmosis

Question 46

Movement of charged ions or charge species toward the electrode with the same charge

Answer 46

Electromigration

Question 47

Movement of charged colloids towards their respective electrode

Answer 47

Electrophoresis

Question 48

Reactions in the electric field associated with the electrode charge

Answer 48

Electrolysis

Question 49

Process where additives or processing is used to chemically bind and immobilize contaminants

Answer 49

Stabilization

Question 50

Process that encapsulates contaminants in a matrix that physically prevents mobility

Answer 50

Solidification

Question 51

Process of separating fine-grained fraction and organics with contaminants from soil through screening and washing with a solute solution

Answer 51

Soil Washing

Question 52

Similar to leachate collection systems in landfills

Answer 52

Subsurface drains

Question 53

Technique to remove VOCs and motor fuels from contaminated soils

Answer 53

Soil Vapor Extraction

Question 54

What is an example of a LNAPL (Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid)?

Answer 54

Benzene

Question 55

What is an example of a DNAPL?

Answer 55

Chlorinated solvents

Question 56

What type of clay is most commonly added to native soil/sediment to create low permeability horizons/barriers?

Answer 56

Compacted

Question 57

What soil remediation process utilizes technology to melt and convert contaminated soil into stable glass or crystalline products?

Answer 57

Vitrification

Question 58

What soil remediation process utilizes plants to remove, stabilize or degrade contaminants?

Answer 58

Phytoremediation