HVIII FOREIGN POLICY Flashcards
WHAT was the Treaty of Etaples and WHEN was it renewed?
1510 - It was a peace agreement between England and France where France agreed to pay England an annual pension.
WHAT was the Holy League and WHEN was it created?
1511 - An alliance of France’s rivals (including England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy)
What was the name of Scotland and France’s alliance?
The auld alliance
WHAT was the Battle of the Spurs and WHEN was it? Name the towns captured.
1513 - A minor English victory against France where England captured the towns of Tournai and Therouanne.
How much did the invasion of France in 1513 (Battle of the Spurs) cost England? What were the consequences of this?
£930,000 - what England won was worth much less and there were grumblings about taxation in Yorkshire, only narrowly avoiding full scale rebellion.
WHAT was the Battle of Flodden?
Scotland invasion of England leading to a famous English victory and the death of James IV.
WHEN was the Battle of Flodden?
1513 - in response to England’s invasion of France and the Battle of the Spurs earlier in 1513.
Why can Henry be criticised for his actions after Flodden in 1513?
The infant James V was left in charge of Scotland and he did little to take advantage of Scotland while it was in this weak position.
WHEN was the marriage alliance between Louis XII of France and Henry’s sister, Mary, formed?
- Wolsey also managed to recover the Etaples pension
Why was England almost forced into the marriage alliance with France in 1514?
Both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire had made separate peace with France previously, leaving England isolated.
When did Louis XII die?
1515
Why was the death of Louis XII bad for England’s foreign relations?
It was the end of the marriage alliance between France and England and Henry saw the new, younger king - Francis I - as a greater threat to his power.
What did Henry do in response to the crowning of Francis I as king of France 1515?
Seek a peace alliance with Ferdinand of Spain, as he felt threatened by Francis
When did Ferdinand of Spain die?
1516
What did Charles V do when he became ruler of Spain 1516?
Sought an alliance with France, rather than England.
WHAT was the Treaty of Cambrai and WHEN was it?
1517 - An alliance between Francis I of France, Charles V of Spain and Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire. This further isolated England.
WHEN was the Treaty of Cambrai?
1517 (Alliance between France, Spain and HRE)
Who was the Duke of Albany?
A member of the French nobility who was heir presumptive to the Scottish throne when James V became king. He was appointed regent to the Scottish throne in 1517.
Why was the appointment of the Duke of Albany as regent less of a threat as it could have been?
There were huge divisions among the Scottish nobility at the time.
How many states were involved in the Treaty of London? Name examples.
24 - including Spain, France, the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal states.
Why was the Treaty of London important for England?
It established England as Europe’s peacemaker (which lasted until 1522). Each state also signed a separate peace agreement with England, which made Henry VIII at the heart of the peacemaking process.
WHEN was the Treaty of London?
1518
When was Charles V elected as Holy Roman Emperor?
1519
What is a possible reason for the improved Anglo-French relations of 1518-1520?
France may have felt threatened by the appointment of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor as he now controlled both bordering areas of France (the Holy Roman Empire and Spain)
WHAT was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I which demonstrated the strength of Anglo-French relations
WHEN was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
1520
Why did Henry abandon the French in 1521 after a few years of good Anglo-French relations?
Conflict arose between Francis I and Charles V and Henry chose to side with Charles instead.
WHAT was the Treaty of Bruges and WHEN was it?
1521 - An alliance between Henry VIII and Charles V which included a marriage alliance between Charles V and the English Princess Mary (Henry’s daughter)
WHEN was the Treaty of Bruges?
1521 (alliance between and Henry and Charles V including a marriage alliance)
WHY did Charles V go back on his marriage agreement with Princess Mary?
After a massive victory against France for the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Pavia, Henry wanted to launch a joint attack, but Charles V refused.
WHEN did Charles V go back on his marriage alliance with Princess Mary?
1525 (after the Battle of Pavia)
WHAT was the League of Cognac?
An alliance between England, France, the Pope and several others against the Holy Roman Empire/Habsburgs.
WHEN did England join the League of Cognac and why?
1526, because Charles V went back on his marriage alliance with Henry’s daughter, Princess Mary
WHEN was the Sack of Rome?
1527 (the Pope became the virtual prisoner of Charles V, reducing the likelihood of Henry getting a divorce)
WHAT happened in 1527 that reduced the likelihood of Henry getting his divorce from Catherine?
The Sack of Rome - the Holy Roman Empire captured the city and the Pope was the virtual prisoner of Charles V (Charles was the nephew of Catherine, so did not want the divorce to take place)
WHAT was the Treaty of Amiens?
An alliance between France and England against the Charles V, including an English trade embargo against the Spain.
WHEN was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527
Why did the Treaty of Amiens 1527 fail?
The Holy Roman Empire responded with a trade embargo of their own which hurt the English economy so they backed down.
Who did England make a defensive alliance with in 1532?
France
Why did the Anglo-French alliance fall through in 1532?
Francis I sought a marriage alliance between his son, Henry, and the Pope’s niece, Catherine de Medici.
When was the Earl of Kildare dismissed?
1534
What were the consequences of the dismissal of the Earl of Kildare?
1) There was a major rebellion in Ireland which was suppressed with a lot of difficulty (and money).
2) Henry tried to bring Ireland under English control through a royal government and a substantial military presence. This was also very costly.
When did Henry VIII first attempt to make an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden? How successful was it?
1535, but it failed due to mutual distrust
Why was there reduced pressure on England in 1536?
1) There was renewed fighting between France and the Holy Roman Empire/Spain
2) Catherine of Aragon died
3) Anne Boleyn was executed
WHAT was the Treaty of Nice and WHEN was it?
1538 - an alliance between Charles V and Francis I to sever ties with England
What did the Pope do in 1538 that increased pressure on England?
1) He deposed Henry VIII (which absolved English Catholics of the need to obey Henry)
2) He sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against England.
What happened in Ireland in 1539?
Resentment of English control resulted in two prominent Irish nobles (Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell) invading the Pale.
When was Ireland established as a separate kingdom?
1541
WHAT was the Battle of Solway Moss?
An English invasion of Scotland which ended in a great victory for England. James V died after the battle and his one-week-old daughter, Mary (Queen of Scots), was left as ruler.
WHEN was the Battle of Solway Moss?
1542
Why could Henry be criticised for his actions after the Battle of Solway Moss?
He failed to exploit Scotland when they were weak (again) as he was too focussed on victory against France.
WHAT was the Treaty of Greenwich?
A proposed marriage alliance between the young Prince Edward and the even younger Princess(/Queen?) Mary after the Battle of Solway Moss. This was later called ‘rough wooing’.
WHEN was the Treaty of Greenwich?
1543
What was the Scottish response to the Treaty of Greenwich?
At first, the Earl of Arran (the Scottish regent) supported it but he then deserted the English cause and the Scottish Parliament refused to ratify the treaty.
When did Henry make an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire to facilitate a French invasion?
1543
What did Henry VIII do in response to Scotland refusing to sign the Treaty of Greenwich?
He ordered the Earl of Hereford to raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews.
When did Henry VIII raid Edinburgh, Leith and St. Andrews?
1544
When did Henry VIII invade France against the advice of his councillors due to his poor health?
1544
How successful was the 1544 invasion of France?
Henry captured Boulogne, but unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil and Charles V got sick of the conflict and made a separate peace treaty with Francis I.
WHAT was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?
A fight between Scotland and England where England was crushed.
WHEN was the Battle of Ancrum Moor?
1545
What did France do in 1545?
1) Sent troops to Scotland to aid in a possible Scottish invasion after Ancrum Moor
2) Raided the Isle of Wight
When did Henry VIII make his final alliance with France and why?
He made an alliance with France in 1546 as neither could afford to continue their conflict.
What did Henry have to do after he had spent so much money on war? What were the consequences of this?
1) Sell much of the Crown estate
2) Borrow large sums of money
Both of these debased the English coinage and increased the rate of inflation.
