HVIII Flashcards
Religion
1514 - Hunne Case - mortuary fees - murdered in his cell - Wolsey did not try Bishop of London bc believed he would be found guilty - London v anti-clerical
1515 - Standish Affair - accused the whole clergy of praemunire - clergy charged him with heresy - Henry had to intervene and Wolsey had to kneel and publicly apologise on behalf of clergy
1521 - attacked Luther - HVIII declared defender of the faith
1529 - 3 bills passed in against pluralism and absenteeism
1532 - turning point - ABC becomes Cranmer and Anne is pregnant
1533 - annulment obtained and marries Anne + Act in Restraint of Appeals
1534 - Act of Royal Supremacy, Act of Treason, Act of Succession
1535 - execution of Thomas More and John Fisher - refused to sear oath of supremacy
1536 - Act of Ten Articles (only 3 sacraments), Act to dissolve lesser monasteries -> pilgrimage of grace
1538 - excommunicated
1539 - Act of Six Articles, Act to dissolve larger monasteries
1543 - burning of Anne Askew (protestant)
left protestant council to Edward
ideas behind the ref
- Cromwell - transfer power away from the Pope
- Collectanea - Imperium - no one should have power above the king
- Leviticus
Henry’s beliefs - chastity for priests, good works for salvation, purgatory, transubstantiation
Dissolution of Monasteries
- doubled Crown income - stripped and sold items
- 563 houses
impact - monks in hardship, nuns even worse - poverty - decrease tax bc more income
Wolsey
justice
- court of chancery - cases for the poor - enclosure committee - 188 found to be breaking the law
- court of the star chamber - cases for tenants - wanted to hear cases against his noble enemies - help poor get affordable food
Amicable Grant Uprising (off of Second French War)
- Act of Resumption 1515, Forced Load 1522, Amicable Grant 1525
- 10,000 people in suffolk
Wolsey had to publicly apologise to Parliament
Reform of the Privy Chamber
- reduced from 12 -> 6 men and Wolsey got to choose members
- to streamline administration and reduce expenses = to increase in influence
- control of Dry Stamp - could enact decisions on their own
- only for nobility - Wolsey left out
Privy Council
- dominated by Wolsey
- gained favour by supporting war with France
Parliament
- hostile towards Wolsey - he was a symbol of anticlericalism
- Wolsey constantly asking for money for Henry
Fall
- bad relations with nobility - hated by Boleyn faction
- figure of papacy - anticlerical attitudes
- Amicable Grant
- The King’s Great Matter
- treason by writing to Imperial and French ambassadors
BUT
- popular with lower classes
- increased revenue for Henry
1529 - charged with praemunire and removed from post - wrote to foreign ambassadors to get Henry to reinstate him - seen as treason - arrested - died before could be executed
Cromwell
Revolution in govt
Constitution
- Laws in Wales Act 1536 - Wales under the same legal system as England - could send MPs to Parl
- Reformation - King became Supreme Head of Church - use of Parliament set precedence for Parl to be legitimising body
BUT
- Palatines - less power
- Calais - two MPs
- Council of the North - given more power after Pilgrimage of Grace
- Parliament still used to raise taxes and revenue
=> devolving or centralising power - not that revolutionary
Pricy Council
- reduced size to 19
- minuted
- specialisation
=> not that revolutionary - just became more official and bureaucratic
Finances
- still Chamber system
- 4 new courts to administer tax eg Court of Augmentations
=> not that revolutionary - just more efficient
Carried out reformation parliament - drafted all the legislation
fall
- religious rev gone too far - Henry felt he was being manipulated
- failure of the marriage of Anne of Cleves (was to create alliance with Schmalkaldic League
- court factions
Pilgrimage of Grace
causes
- long term: economic factors, landlords raised rent, feudalism - too much change
- short term: dissolution of monasteries, rise of new men - the King’s evil advisors, rumours of tax rises
Lincolnshire Uprising - became 10,000 men
- Duke of Suffolk sent to disperse rebels
- issued Lincoln articles
Pilgrimage of Grace - Robert Aske - spread from Lincolnshire uprising to Yorkshire, Durham (North)
- 30,000
York Articles - stop suppressing religious houses, stop taxation on sheep and cattle, suspicious of Cromwell
- Henry agreed
Pontefact Articles - papal supremacy, restore abbies, destroy heretics, punish Cromwell, commissioners Leigh and Layton to be punished, repeal Treason Act
- to be discussed Parl
Response
- 8000 men under Norfolk (Catholic) and Shrewsbury
- made Aske his royal representative
Bigod’s rebellion
- suspicious of Henry
- raised rebellion in Cumberland
- used as excuse to crush rebels
178 members of gentry killed incl Aske, Bigod
society
nobility - carrot and stick eg Norfolk in Pilgrimage of Grace - reinvigoration of court
gentry - use of new men - gentry grew - nobles sidelined in favour of professionals
commoners - significant tax burdens + religious reform
region
- Wales - Laws in Wales Act 1536
- England - English palatines less autonomy
- Scotland - split into 3 marches to be administered under wardens who were new men
- North - Council of the North reestablished after PoG
Economy
cloth - to Antwerp
wool - small and family owned
tin, coal, lead - small but expanding industry
still heavily agrarian - risk of bad harvest
population grew - agriculture prices increased
debasement brought short term boom
bad harvest 1535-36 - higher prices
real wages decreased
urban poverty - unemployment increased, homelessness increased
FP
aims
- pursue aggressive foreign policy - esp against France
- glory and honour
- become a key arbiter
- secure his dynasty aka have an heir
1512-1514 - First French War
- let down by Ferdinand
- Battle of the Spurs - Tounai, Therouanne
- forced to make peace after Ferdinand and Maximilian
1513 - Battle of Flodden - defeated Scottish invasion
- Wolsey negotiated Henry’s sister marrying Louis XII (French)
- missed opportunity to conquer Scotland
1517 - England left out of League of Cambrai -> growth of Auld Alliance
1518 - Treaty of London - peace treaty (ran out of money to fight wars)
1520 - Field of the Cloth of Gold - cost £15,000 - got pensions from France
1521 - Treaty of Bruges - allied with HRE - Charles to marry Mary - England to attack France if Francis does not make peace
1522-1526 - Second French War
- Henry let down by HRE
- led by Duke of Suffolk - failure
- led to Amicable Grant
1525 - Battle of Pavia - Charles defeats and captures Francis - no longer wanted to ally with England
1526 - League of Cognac - anti HRE -alliance
1527 - sack of Rome - HRE held Pope - Henry could not get annulment
1527 - Treaty of Amiens - ally with France - negotiated by Wolsey - trade embargo against Netherlands - failed - led to more social problems
1529 - peace of Cambrai - Spain and France make peace
1531 - Gaelic chiefs invade the Pale - Lord Grey pacifies them - Henry gives chiefs titles and peerages
1534 - Kildare was dismissed - son led full scale rebellion
1542-1546 Scottish wars
- Battle of Solway Moss 1542 - Treaty of Greenwich 1543 - Edward to marry MQS
- French faction objected - Earl of Hertford send for ‘rough wooing’ - Battle of Ancrum Moor 1545 - peace with 1546
1543-1546 Third French War
- sided with Charles
- captures Boulogne
- 1544 Francis invades England Isle of Wight - defeated in navy battle
- Treaty of Andres - pensions and keep Boulogne
