Eliz I Flashcards
Religion (legislation)
1559 - Act of Uniformity (doctrine) - vestments, combining the prayer books, no Black Rubric
1559 - Act of Supremacy (authority) - Queen to be Supreme Governor - no papal authority - only 1 Marian Bishop took the Oath
1559 - Royal Injunctions (practice) - English Bible, no Catholic images, priests discouraged from marrying
1663 - 39 Articles - from the 42 articles
1583 - Three Articles - drafted by Whitgift - accept Queen as Supreme Governor, doctrine from prayer book and 39 articles, all minsters to swear acceptance of Bishops
Religion (threats)
Catholic:
- Recusancy laws - fines for non attendance and Catholic mass but not enforced
- office holders to swear the oath - punishable by death
- 1567 - Pope shows hostility - do not attend Anglican services
- 1568 - MQS arrives in England
- 1569 - Northern Earls Rebellion
-1570 - excommunication
- 1571 - Ridolfi plot
- 1574 - arrival of seminary priests
- 1580 - Jesuits priests arrive
- 1581 - law for harsh penalties on mass and not attending church (£20)
- 1583 - Throckmorton plot
- 1585 - Act against Seminary Priests - leave or die - 150 priests executed
- 1586 - Babington Plot
- 1587 - execution of MQS
Puritans:
- 1566 - Vestiarian Controversy - puritan bishops offended by 37 clergymen’s vestments being too Catholic
- Presbyterian demands - Thomas Cartwright - should abolish Bishops + John Fields - the church structure has no biblical justification -> imprisoned
- Prophesying - congregation educating and discussing - no official leader - 1576 - Eliz ordered ABC to stop them - ABC Grindal said they were harmless -> put on house arrest
- MP Anthony Cope wanted a more Calvinist Prayer Book - imprisoned in the tower
- classes in the 1580s - to educate lay people - had separatist ideas
- 1583 - John Copping and Elias Thacker hanged for distributing Brownist pamphlets in London
- 1588 - Marprelate Tracts - foul attack on the church - used by govt as an excuse to clamp down on puritans
- 1593 - Act against Seditious Sectaries
FP
Scotland 1559 - 1563
- Knox requested Elizabeth’s help - defend protestantism
- Treaty of Berwick - sent money and armaments
- Francis and Mary of Guise die -> Treaty of Edinburgh 1560 which established a protestant govt, MQS would renounce her claim if Eliz recognised her as a legitimate heir
France 1562-63
- Religious wars in France - Guise vs Bourbon
- Elizabeth supports Bourbon under Prince Conde
- Treaty of Hampton Court 1562 - sent 6,000 men and £30,000 and control of le Havre
- le havre was a huge failure - both sides lost their leaders - united to defeat the English
- Treaty of Troyes 1564 - lost Calais forever
MQS
1561- returned to Scotland
she marries Lord Darnley, has James
1568 - Scottish Civil War - she flees to England
1581 - James rejects her proposal to co-rule
1587 - she is executed
centre of numerous Catholic plots
Spain
1563 - trade embargo on both ends due to English piracy issues - lifted in 1564 bc trade was much needed
1566 - protestant revolt in the Netherlands
Elizabeth unofficially aids then - allows English volunteers to join the Sea Beggars
1568 - Eliz takes their gold bullion - Alva seizes English property in Netherlands - Eliz seizes Spanish property in England
1569 - Northern Earls Rebellion has De Espes’ support - he is expelled - trade embargo form Philip
Elizabeth gives unofficial aid - blocks the Channel to Spanish ships - trade embargo is lifted
1576 - Spanish Fury - Pacification of Ghent - Eliz gives £100,000
1577 - Don Juan arrives
1578 - Alcenon allies with Dutch Estate General and William of Orange
Parma makes considerable headway so Alcenon withdraws
Elizabeth continues courtship with him to buy time
gives Alcenon £100,000 to continue
1580 - Philip gains control of Portugal
Southern Netherlands make peace - given considerable autonomy
Alcenon withdraws
1584 - William of Orange is assassinated
1584 - Treaty of Joinville - Philip agrees to protect Catholic powers
1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch - Leicester sent to Netherlands - bad organisation - betrayal of William Stanley and Rowland Yorke
1588 - Spanish Armada - fails due to bad weather, miscalculation of tides and English and Dutch presence, lack of experience
1588-89 - Lisbon Plan - hijacked by Essex
1588 - Willoughby Expedition - failure
1589 - Francis Vere become English commander - better organised and good relations with the Dutch
1594 - Spanish army always mutinied - Spanish expelled
1596 97 - failed Spanish Armadas - defeated by storms
Government
Privy Chamber
- less influential - Eltham Ordinances under Wolsey
- all women
- replaced all of Mary’s with her own relatives or wives of Privy Councilmen
Privy Council
- dismissed 39 of Mary’s Councillors - made it smaller - more efficient
- kept 9 who supported her Royal Supremacy - eg Marquess of Winchester
- dominated by Cecil
- factions - Cecil (progressive) vs Norfolk (Catholic traditional aristocracy) - Cecil vs Leicester - new vs old
- often disagreed on marriage, foreign policy, MQS
Parliament
- Privy Council sat in Parliament - dominated it
- used to pass religious legislation
- positive points: passed religious legislation, passed anti-Catholic laws eg Act of the Surety of the Queen, Bond of Associations 1584 - passed the poor laws - granted her subsidies - Golden Speech
- negative points - 1566 - infringed on royal prerogative of the issue of marriage - Peter Wentworth imprisoned for wanting to increase power of commons - Strickland removed for wanting to reform Book of Common Prayer - issue of monopolies
Rebellions
Northern Earl Rebellion 1569
- Earls felt power was being eroded / being sidelined
- put MQS on the throne
- 6000 supporters put down by 7000
- papal bull arrived too late but had potential for foreign support
- 700 nobels executed
Ridolfi plot 1571
- had French support, Spanish and Papal support
- put MQS on the throne - have Norfolk marry her
- plan uncovered by John Hawkins
- Norfolk executed
Throckmorton 1583
- kill Eliz put MQS on the throne
- French and Spanish support
Babington Plot 1586
- implicated MQS
- kill Eliz put MQS on the throne
Essex Rebellion
- Essex did not get promoted - hated Cecil
- messed up in Ireland - made truce
- had support from some Catholics and puritans
- Privy Council remains loyal
- Essex is executed
Economy
Trade
- 75% still cloth with Antwerp
- expanding eg Pilchard to Portugal
- expanded on imports
- new trade routes -> new companies
eg Muscovy trading company £25 000 /yr
eg East India Company - makes losses in the beginning
exploration
1580s - new colonies set up - idea from Humphrey Gilbert
Walter Raleigh has permission to set up in North Carolina - everyone dies
depression
- 9/44 harvests fail
- real wages low point since 1260
- subsistence crisis 1596-97 (off the back of fighting the Spanish)
Society
- still hierarchical - aristocratic
- poor had hard life - most ppl still lived in rural areas
but - nobility more peaceful - built lavish homes eg Burghley house - built in shapes of E (cult of Eliz)
- growth of gentry - 100% literacy
- population growth by 43% - 150,000 people in London
- wealth gap widened
Poor laws
poverty - from wars (£2 million), inflation from population growth, bad harvest 1555, 1586, 1594-97, enclosure
- Vagabond Act 1572 - welfare system - tax to provide for it - harsh penalties for vagrancy - death
- Poor Law Act 1576 - towns to have provisions to employ the deserving poor - vagrants to be sent to correction houses - national system of poor relief but administered and financed at local levels
- Poor Law 1598 1601 - harsh punishments for those who refuse to work eg whipping, branding, death - care for the impotent poor, parish to raise funds for poor
Impact - towns had increase in vagrants, economic disparities so some areas more successful than others
- Food riots in London, Norfolk, East Anglia 1595
- Oxfordshire Uprising - subsistence crisis 1596
regional issues
Ireland
lots of unrest
- rebellions 1569-73 1679-82 - with foreign support - dealt with by Lord Grey
- Ulster Rebellion 1595 - retained Kildare - his son raised a rebellion - Essex sent and he made peace instead - Lord Mountjoy crushed it in 1601
Wales
- relatively unproblematic
- many implicated in Essex rebellion suggests some level of discontent
The North
issue of who to appoint to lead council - chose Earl of Huntington - outsider and new man after Northern Earl Rebellion
Golden Age
- increased rates of literacy - 100% gentry
- nobility more peaceful - building nice houses
- growth of theatre - Shakespeare
- wealthy became patrons of art
- poetry - The Faerie Queene - Spenser received life pension
- music - Orlando Gibbons - prominent composer
- Cult of Elizabeth - Gloriana portrait
