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Tudors A-Level > HVII government > Flashcards

HVII government Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the Council?

A
  • to advise the king
  • to administer the realm on the Kings behalf
  • to make legal judgement
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2
Q

What are the three main types of councillor?

A
  • members of the nobility ( Daubeney and Dynham)
  • Churchmen ( John Morton and Richard Fox)
  • Laymen ( Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley)
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3
Q

What is the Great Council?

A

An occasional gathering of the House of lords with no clearly defined functions. Mainly due to issues related to war rebellion it national security.

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4
Q

Who was John Morton?

A
  • A churchman and lawyer
  • Public career as a lancastrian
  • made peace with the yorkists to serve Edward IV
  • became bishop of Ely and then bishop of Canterbury by H in 1486
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5
Q

Who was Richard Fox?

A
  • 1447-1528
  • began serving HVII while he was in exile
    -1485 became bishop of Exeter and Lord keeper of the seal
  • made bishop of Bath and Wells, Durham and Winchester
  • managed the transition of the crown from Richard III to HVII
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6
Q

Who was Sir Reginald Bray?

A
  • faithful servant of H
  • Helped raise funds for the battle of Bodsworth
  • Influenced through his role of chancellor
  • Thomas Penn described him as “Kings chief executive”
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7
Q

The role of the Council Learned in law?

A
  • developed during the second half of the reign by Sir Reginald Bray
  • met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster
  • function to maintain the Kings Revenue
  • ensures henry gets all the money he is entitled to
  • made the system of bonds and recognisances
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8
Q

Who was Richard Empson?

A
  • A member of the kings council from 1494
  • Eventually chaired the council learned
  • arrested after the death of the king charged with treason and executed
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9
Q

Who was Edmund Dudley?

A
  • came to prominence after the death of Bray
  • role to exploit financial opportunities- to make influential enemies
  • became vulnerable to counter-attack as soon as he lost the kings protection
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10
Q

The role of the royal court?

A
  • the centre of government
  • focus on a personal monarchy
  • a place for royal ceremonies and found wherever the kind was
  • where the power of the monarch was demonstrated
  • how rewards and status were distributed
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11
Q

What were the different levels of court?

A
  • household proper ( look after the king )
  • the Chamber ( looked after by the lord chaimberlain )
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12
Q

What was the privy chamber?

A
  • a place the king could retreat protected by his most intimate servants
  • members had direct access to the monarch
  • made it more difficult for those out of favour to gain the kings support
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13
Q

Who were the people closest to him?

A
  • Jasper Tudor
  • Earl of Oxford
  • Lord Stanley
  • Lady Margaret Beaufort
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14
Q

What were Henry’s policies towards the church?

A

• the privilege of sanctuary was attacked and only the king could grant it for treason
• H appointed more Bishops who were lawyers than theologians
• Henry requires Bishops to serve the state as well as the Church

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15
Q

The legal system of the church

A

• They had a separate legal system to the state - the king had no influence over operation of church courts
• Henry ensured the authority of the church should not prejudice his rights and interests as king
• A penalty was introduced for praemunire - life imprisonment and loss of property

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16
Q

What was the function of Parliament?

A

• To pass laws
• To grant taxation to the crown
• only met occasionally and was not central to the system of gov

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17
Q

Who was the House of Lords made up of?

A

• Lords Spiritual (bishops and abbots)
• Lord Temporal (nobility)

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18
Q

Who was the House of Commons made up of?

A

• Two MP’s from each county
• Two MP’s from each borough
• Reps of Oxford and Cambridge Uni
• Right to vote was only for men of property

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19
Q

How many Parliaments did Henry call?

A

7 ( 5 in the first 10 years and 2 in the last 14)

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20
Q

What did his first parliaments pass/ grant?

A

• Acts of Attainder
• Tonnage and Poundage
• extraordinary revenue

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21
Q

Why was the maintenance of law and order necessary?

A

It could lead to uprisings or rebellions, Henry was also concerned of potential enemies exploiting trouble and challenging his authority.

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22
Q

Who exercised power across the nation?

A

Well placed members of the nobility

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23
Q

How did Henry use magnates?

A

• they controlled each sphere of influence under Edward IV
• Their numbers reduced after the War of the Roses
• Became confined to the North - to H’s relatives the Stanley’s (NW) and the Earl of Northumberland (NE + Yorkshire)

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24
Q

What did H do after the murder of the Earl of Northumberland 1489?

A

He released Yorkist Earl of Surrey from the tower to rule the north on his behalf

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25
Q

Why was it a risk sending the Earl of Surrey to rule the north?

A

He was a known supporter of Richard III

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26
Q

Who else did Henry rely on to rule different regions?

A

• The Earl of Oxford
• Lords Daubeney
• The Marquis of Dorset

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27
Q

Why did Henry not create one system of local government?

A

Royal control was uneven from place to place so created an appropriate system for each region.

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28
Q

What legal system was used in England?

A

Justices of the Peace

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29
Q

Why was the kings authority limited in the north?

A

• It was extremely far from the centre of power
• Was loyal to the House of York
• Was limited mainly in country Durham ( the prince bishop governed the palatine as a semi-independent ruler)

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30
Q

How did Henry govern Scotland?

A

He didn’t as it was a separate kingdom and was closer to France

31
Q

How did Henry govern Wales?

A

He restored the Council of Wales and staffed it with welsh nobles. Under leadership of Jasper Tudor and honorary control of Arthur

32
Q

How did Henry control Ireland?

A

•H was Lord of Ireland. The real power was given to the clan chieftains.
•The Earl of Kildare was his deputy - his sympathy for pretenders meant he was replaced by Sir Edward Poynings
• His attempt to restore Irish Parliament failed - Kildare reinstated 1496

33
Q

What were Justices of the Peace?

A

• local landowners who maintained law and order in the country
• met 4 times a year to administer justice
• 18 per county - fulfilled unpaid tasks out of duty/idea they would gain prestige

34
Q

What were Justices of the peace responsible for?

A

• Tax assessment
• alehouse regulation
• investigation of complaints against local officials
• Maintenance of law and order

35
Q

What were bonds and recognisances used for?

A

To enforce order and obedience and defeat the law

36
Q

What was Henry’s relationships with the nobles conditioned on?

A

• The idea that the throne could be usurped from him as he had done
• The majority of people were sick of instability in england so he needed to bring that for the country

37
Q

Why was HVII likely to secure the submission of the nobles?

A

Due to the weakened state Richard III left the monarchy in.

38
Q

What is the star Chamber?

A

• created in 1487
• It was responsible for prosecuting anyone who behaved in a rebellious or lawless manner

39
Q

Who sat in the Star Chamber?

A

• Members of the Royal court sat to make judgements

40
Q

What did HVII have at his disposal to deal with nobles?

A

Incentives and sanctions

41
Q

What are the different incentives that HVII had?

A

• Patronage
• Order of the Garter
• Kings Council
• Great Council

42
Q

What is patronage?

A

Giving positions of power, titles and land to ensure the loyalty of nobles. HVII gave it as a result of loyal service

43
Q

Who received patronage from HVII?

A

• Jasper Tudor and Lord Thomas Stanley for service at Bosworth
• Lord Giles Daubenay for defeating Cornish rebels 1497
• Edmund Dudley

44
Q

What was the Order of the Garter?

A

A significant honour for the kings closest service

45
Q

How many knights of the Garter did HVII create?

A

• 37
• Two including Daubenay and Bray

46
Q

What was the Kings Council?

A

A position in the council of HVII. This was a sign of the Kings confidence and loyalty.

47
Q

Who held the position of chancellors for the longest?

A

• John Morton
• William Warham

48
Q

What is the great council?

A

Meetings of nobleman called by the king. A way of control as HVII would get the support and agreement of them

49
Q

When did HVII call the Great Council?

A

• 1485 - announcement of his marriage
• 1487 - threat of Lambert Simnel
• 1488 - to authorise a subsidy for the brittany campaign
• 1491 - authorise war against france
• 1496 - grant a loan for war in scotland

50
Q

What are the different forms of sanctions HVII had?

A

• Acts of Attainder
• Bonds and Recognisances
• Retaining

51
Q

What are acts of attainder?

A

Acts that led to a family losing the right to possess its land. Loss of the right to inherit any land. They can be reversed as a result of good behaviour.

52
Q

How many attainders were passed?

A

• 138 passed
• 46 reversed

53
Q

What were bonds and recognizances?

A

Bonds: Written agreements where people promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to carry out a promise

Recognizances: A formal acknowledgement of a debt or obligation which already existed. Money paid if not met

54
Q

An example of a recognizance paid?

A

1492 Thomas Grey - £1000 and find two others to give a recognizances worth £10000 on his behalf

55
Q

How many nobles gave Henry a recognizance between 1485-1509?

A

36 out of 62

56
Q

What was retaining?

A

A practice of recruiting gentry followers as a local fighting force. HVII took clear steps to limit it but not get rid of it

57
Q

Who swore they would not retain and when?

A

• Lords and the commons
•1485

58
Q

What law passed in regards to retaining in 1504?

A

Nobles had to obtain a special license to retain.

59
Q

What was ordinary revenue?

A

Money collected regularly without the need to obtain permission from parliament.

60
Q

What was extraordinary revenue?

A

For emergencies only like war. Parliamentary approval needed to raise it.

61
Q

What types of Ordinary revenue were there?

A

•Crown lands
• Feudal Obligations
• Bonds and recognizances
• Customs revenue
• Profits of justice

62
Q

What type of Extraordinary revenue was there?

A

• Parliamentary Grants
• Loans and benevolences
•Clerical taxes
• The French Pension

63
Q

What are Crown Lands?

A

• HVII was the countries largest landowner
• Gained revenue from the rental income of his property
• At the beginning of his reign this income dropped to £12,000

64
Q

What change did HVII make to increase the finances gained from crown lands?

A

Changed from using the court of Exchequer to the Chamber.

65
Q

What was the Chamber?

A

• Finances travelled through the royal household rather than an administrative department
• Overseen by the king himself
• It improved income to £42,000

66
Q

Profits from feudal dues and the exercise of royal prerogative?

A

• Pursuit of the kings feudal rights was tightened
• Increased profits from wardship
• Profit from livery (to pay for the recovery of your land from wardship)
• Profit from relief where the king received money as land was inherited
•Feudal aid

67
Q

What was customs revenue?

A

•Tonnage and poundage was granted for life by henry’s first parliament.
• There was a small increase in annual revenue from £34,000-£38,000

68
Q

What were profits of justice?

A

• Fines
• Income from bonds

69
Q

What pensions did HVII gain from other powers?

A

He gained £5000 per annum (£159,000) from the Treaty of Etaples 1492 with the french.

70
Q

How much extraordinary taxation did Henry gain in total?

A

Over £400,000

71
Q

What were parliamentary grants?

A

• To help the king when national interest was threatened
• Basic Tax = fifteen and tenth. 1/15 of the value of goods in rural areas and 1/10 in urban areas

72
Q

What were loans?

A

From richer subjects in times of emergency. Raised around £203,000

73
Q

What were benevolences?

A

A type of forced loan with no repayment. E.g. 1491 taken £48,500 to take his army to france

74
Q

What was expenditure?

A

•Spending some money to make him look and act like a powerful monarch. •Spending on images to promote himself (flags, banners, badges)
• Work done on his chapel in Westminster Abbey 1503

Tudors A-Level (4 decks)

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