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Tudors A-Level > HVII government > Flashcards

HVII government Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the Council?

A
  • to advise the king
  • to administer the realm on the Kings behalf
  • to make legal judgement
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2
Q

What are the three main types of councillor?

A
  • members of the nobility ( Daubeney and Dynham)
  • Churchmen ( John Morton and Richard Fox)
  • Laymen ( Reginald Bray and Edmund Dudley)
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3
Q

What is the Great Council?

A

An occasional gathering of the House of lords with no clearly defined functions. Mainly due to issues related to war rebellion it national security.

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4
Q

Who was John Morton?

A
  • A churchman and lawyer
  • Public career as a lancastrian
  • made peace with the yorkists to serve Edward IV
  • became bishop of Ely and then bishop of Canterbury by H in 1486
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5
Q

Who was Richard Fox?

A
  • 1447-1528
  • began serving HVII while he was in exile
    -1485 became bishop of Exeter and Lord keeper of the seal
  • made bishop of Bath and Wells, Durham and Winchester
  • managed the transition of the crown from Richard III to HVII
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6
Q

Who was Sir Reginald Bray?

A
  • faithful servant of H
  • Helped raise funds for the battle of Bodsworth
  • Influenced through his role of chancellor
  • Thomas Penn described him as “Kings chief executive”
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7
Q

The role of the Council Learned in law?

A
  • developed during the second half of the reign by Sir Reginald Bray
  • met in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster
  • function to maintain the Kings Revenue
  • ensures henry gets all the money he is entitled to
  • made the system of bonds and recognisances
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8
Q

Who was Richard Empson?

A
  • A member of the kings council from 1494
  • Eventually chaired the council learned
  • arrested after the death of the king charged with treason and executed
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9
Q

Who was Edmund Dudley?

A
  • came to prominence after the death of Bray
  • role to exploit financial opportunities- to make influential enemies
  • became vulnerable to counter-attack as soon as he lost the kings protection
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10
Q

The role of the royal court?

A
  • the centre of government
  • focus on a personal monarchy
  • a place for royal ceremonies and found wherever the kind was
  • where the power of the monarch was demonstrated
  • how rewards and status were distributed
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11
Q

What were the different levels of court?

A
  • household proper ( look after the king )
  • the Chamber ( looked after by the lord chaimberlain )
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12
Q

What was the privy chamber?

A
  • a place the king could retreat protected by his most intimate servants
  • members had direct access to the monarch
  • made it more difficult for those out of favour to gain the kings support
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13
Q

Who were the people closest to him?

A
  • Jasper Tudor
  • Earl of Oxford
  • Lord Stanley
  • Lady Margaret Beaufort
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14
Q

What were Henry’s policies towards the church?

A

• the privilege of sanctuary was attacked and only the king could grant it for treason
• H appointed more Bishops who were lawyers than theologians
• Henry requires Bishops to serve the state as well as the Church

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15
Q

The legal system of the church

A

• They had a separate legal system to the state - the king had no influence over operation of church courts
• Henry ensured the authority of the church should not prejudice his rights and interests as king
• A penalty was introduced for praemunire - life imprisonment and loss of property

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16
Q

What was the function of Parliament?

A

• To pass laws
• To grant taxation to the crown
• only met occasionally and was not central to the system of gov

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17
Q

Who was the House of Lords made up of?

A

• Lords Spiritual (bishops and abbots)
• Lord Temporal (nobility)

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18
Q

Who was the House of Commons made up of?

A

• Two MP’s from each county
• Two MP’s from each borough
• Reps of Oxford and Cambridge Uni
• Right to vote was only for men of property

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19
Q

How many Parliaments did Henry call?

A

7 ( 5 in the first 10 years and 2 in the last 14)

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20
Q

What did his first parliaments pass/ grant?

A

• Acts of Attainder
• Tonnage and Poundage
• extraordinary revenue

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21
Q

Why was the maintenance of law and order necessary?

A

It could lead to uprisings or rebellions, Henry was also concerned of potential enemies exploiting trouble and challenging his authority.

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22
Q

Who exercised power across the nation?

A

Well placed members of the nobility

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23
Q

How did Henry use magnates?

A

• they controlled each sphere of influence under Edward IV
• Their numbers reduced after the War of the Roses
• Became confined to the North - to H’s relatives the Stanley’s (NW) and the Earl of Northumberland (NE + Yorkshire)

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24
Q

What did H do after the murder of the Earl of Northumberland 1489?

A

He released Yorkist Earl of Surrey from the tower to rule the north on his behalf

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25
Why was it a risk sending the Earl of Surrey to rule the north?
He was a known supporter of Richard III
26
Who else did Henry rely on to rule different regions?
• The Earl of Oxford • Lords Daubeney • The Marquis of Dorset
27
Why did Henry not create one system of local government?
Royal control was uneven from place to place so created an appropriate system for each region.
28
What legal system was used in England?
Justices of the Peace
29
Why was the kings authority limited in the north?
• It was extremely far from the centre of power • Was loyal to the House of York • Was limited mainly in country Durham ( the prince bishop governed the palatine as a semi-independent ruler)
30
How did Henry govern Scotland?
He didn’t as it was a separate kingdom and was closer to France
31
How did Henry govern Wales?
He restored the Council of Wales and staffed it with welsh nobles. Under leadership of Jasper Tudor and honorary control of Arthur
32
How did Henry control Ireland?
•H was Lord of Ireland. The real power was given to the clan chieftains. •The Earl of Kildare was his deputy - his sympathy for pretenders meant he was replaced by Sir Edward Poynings • His attempt to restore Irish Parliament failed - Kildare reinstated 1496
33
What were Justices of the Peace?
• local landowners who maintained law and order in the country • met 4 times a year to administer justice • 18 per county - fulfilled unpaid tasks out of duty/idea they would gain prestige
34
What were Justices of the peace responsible for?
• Tax assessment • alehouse regulation • investigation of complaints against local officials • Maintenance of law and order
35
What were bonds and recognisances used for?
To enforce order and obedience and defeat the law
36
What was Henry’s relationships with the nobles conditioned on?
• The idea that the throne could be usurped from him as he had done • The majority of people were sick of instability in england so he needed to bring that for the country
37
Why was HVII likely to secure the submission of the nobles?
Due to the weakened state Richard III left the monarchy in.
38
What is the star Chamber?
• created in 1487 • It was responsible for prosecuting anyone who behaved in a rebellious or lawless manner
39
Who sat in the Star Chamber?
• Members of the Royal court sat to make judgements
40
What did HVII have at his disposal to deal with nobles?
Incentives and sanctions
41
What are the different incentives that HVII had?
• Patronage • Order of the Garter • Kings Council • Great Council
42
What is patronage?
Giving positions of power, titles and land to ensure the loyalty of nobles. HVII gave it as a result of loyal service
43
Who received patronage from HVII?
• Jasper Tudor and Lord Thomas Stanley for service at Bosworth • Lord Giles Daubenay for defeating Cornish rebels 1497 • Edmund Dudley
44
What was the Order of the Garter?
A significant honour for the kings closest service
45
How many knights of the Garter did HVII create?
• 37 • Two including Daubenay and Bray
46
What was the Kings Council?
A position in the council of HVII. This was a sign of the Kings confidence and loyalty.
47
Who held the position of chancellors for the longest?
• John Morton • William Warham
48
What is the great council?
Meetings of nobleman called by the king. A way of control as HVII would get the support and agreement of them
49
When did HVII call the Great Council?
• 1485 - announcement of his marriage • 1487 - threat of Lambert Simnel • 1488 - to authorise a subsidy for the brittany campaign • 1491 - authorise war against france • 1496 - grant a loan for war in scotland
50
What are the different forms of sanctions HVII had?
• Acts of Attainder • Bonds and Recognisances • Retaining
51
What are acts of attainder?
Acts that led to a family losing the right to possess its land. Loss of the right to inherit any land. They can be reversed as a result of good behaviour.
52
How many attainders were passed?
• 138 passed • 46 reversed
53
What were bonds and recognizances?
Bonds: Written agreements where people promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to carry out a promise Recognizances: A formal acknowledgement of a debt or obligation which already existed. Money paid if not met
54
An example of a recognizance paid?
1492 Thomas Grey - £1000 and find two others to give a recognizances worth £10000 on his behalf
55
How many nobles gave Henry a recognizance between 1485-1509?
36 out of 62
56
What was retaining?
A practice of recruiting gentry followers as a local fighting force. HVII took clear steps to limit it but not get rid of it
57
Who swore they would not retain and when?
• Lords and the commons •1485
58
What law passed in regards to retaining in 1504?
Nobles had to obtain a special license to retain.
59
What was ordinary revenue?
Money collected regularly without the need to obtain permission from parliament.
60
What was extraordinary revenue?
For emergencies only like war. Parliamentary approval needed to raise it.
61
What types of Ordinary revenue were there?
•Crown lands • Feudal Obligations • Bonds and recognizances • Customs revenue • Profits of justice
62
What type of Extraordinary revenue was there?
• Parliamentary Grants • Loans and benevolences •Clerical taxes • The French Pension
63
What are Crown Lands?
• HVII was the countries largest landowner • Gained revenue from the rental income of his property • At the beginning of his reign this income dropped to £12,000
64
What change did HVII make to increase the finances gained from crown lands?
Changed from using the court of Exchequer to the Chamber.
65
What was the Chamber?
• Finances travelled through the royal household rather than an administrative department • Overseen by the king himself • It improved income to £42,000
66
Profits from feudal dues and the exercise of royal prerogative?
• Pursuit of the kings feudal rights was tightened • Increased profits from wardship • Profit from livery (to pay for the recovery of your land from wardship) • Profit from relief where the king received money as land was inherited •Feudal aid
67
What was customs revenue?
•Tonnage and poundage was granted for life by henry’s first parliament. • There was a small increase in annual revenue from £34,000-£38,000
68
What were profits of justice?
• Fines • Income from bonds
69
What pensions did HVII gain from other powers?
He gained £5000 per annum (£159,000) from the Treaty of Etaples 1492 with the french.
70
How much extraordinary taxation did Henry gain in total?
Over £400,000
71
What were parliamentary grants?
• To help the king when national interest was threatened • Basic Tax = fifteen and tenth. 1/15 of the value of goods in rural areas and 1/10 in urban areas
72
What were loans?
From richer subjects in times of emergency. Raised around £203,000
73
What were benevolences?
A type of forced loan with no repayment. E.g. 1491 taken £48,500 to take his army to france
74
What was expenditure?
•Spending some money to make him look and act like a powerful monarch. •Spending on images to promote himself (flags, banners, badges) • Work done on his chapel in Westminster Abbey 1503

Tudors A-Level (5 decks)

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