Husbandry Flashcards

Question

What reasons would you give a visitor who was feeding zoo animals?

Answer 1

``` Receive nutritious balanced diet, doesn’t need extra Eat junk/sweet food even when aren’t hungry = eat less of proper diet Zoo can’t control what they eat when people feed them = deficiencies, poor teeth and bad health Transmit disease (eg. measles, colds to primates) Disrupts proper maintenance cycle of the animals Renders feed control data invalid Keeper observations on intake become inaccurate Aggressive encounters and stereotyped dependency (begging) ``` In 1998, Kartiko (young orangutan) died after going into the moat to keep cookies given by a visitor to himself. He was rescued from the moat but later died from complications

Answer 2

Supply scientific information to universities, researchers, other zoos ``` Government requirements Acquisition/disposal of endangered/threatened species Animal movements in/out of country Post-entry quarantine Animals acquired under permits ``` Improve husbandry techniques by knowing more about the collection, planning ahead Public relations - want to know age and history ``` ISIS and SSP require meticulous records Collection information (past and present) Patterns Breeding information Medical information ``` Provide complete sequential history of each animal

Answer 3

``` 1 - births/hatching 2 - deaths 3 - arrival 4 - departure 5 - transfer 6 - feeding habits/diet change 7 - illness/injury/treatement/recovery 8 - animal observations/remarks/enrichment 9 - reproductive activity 10 - maintenance/groundskeeping/exhibit changes 11 - events/tours/MTK attendance 12 - staff/weather/other ```

Answer 4

As free as possible from pain and stress Minimal opportunity for infection of the marked area Not inhibit normal activity (moulting/sloughing, breeding, feeding) No cause for negative criticism Easy to use Adaptable for different sizes and types Permanancy

Answer 5

1. Passive identification: = permanent natural differences between animals e.g snake pattern Temporary = antlers, plumage, coat 2. Positive non-natural: Bands, notching, tattoos, microchip 3. Positive temporary: Paints, dyes, collars

Answer 6

fin tags, passive ID: colour, size, patterns

Answer 7

exoskeleton markings with nailpolish, separate container

Answer 8

leg bands, wing tags, microchips, eyelid/sere dots

Answer 9

ear tags/notches, microchips, etc

Answer 10

toe clipping, shell notching, sexual dimorphism,

Answer 11

``` Behaviour - normal? Stool/urine Number - Are they (all) visible/present? Overall coat/feather condition Eye shine Manner of standing/walking Limping or favoring a limb Posture Appetite - food/water consumption Feces, urine, bodily fluids Respiration rate Hooves/nails/claws Weight/body condition Cuts/injuries Discharges Swollen body parts ```

Answer 12

1. Social Structure: dominance, submission, courtship, adult/young Compatability: intra- or inter-species Environment: territorial, animals use of, effect of environment Cyclic: seasonal or daily 2. Maintenance Feeding: social structure of feeding group, preferences Grooming: self and social, interaction with exhibit Communications: vocal, visual, olfactory, physical contact Elimination: faecal deposition, coprophagy, urine marking Locomotion: methods, sleep/rest position, aquatic, aerial 3. Agnostic Flight Threat: bluffing or attack Thresholds: changes in critical and personal distances Communications: vocal, postural Cyclic behaviour: aggression during feeding or rut, relating to young 4. Reproductive Social structure, interactions between adult/young/parents 5. Other Stress: boredom, pacing, stereotypes Displacement: self mutilation, aggression Intra/inter species: don’t have to be in same exhibit (visual/vocal) Spatial occupation

Answer 13

Mammary glands Hair Endothermic Breathes air by means of lungs Four chambered heart - 2 ventricles and 2 auricles. Left aortic arch retained to form main vessel Differentiated teeth (most highly specialized) Neck Vertebrae - 7 with the exceptions: tamandua (8), 3-toed sloth (9) 2-toed sloth and manatees (6) Diaphragm -s eparates chest and abdominal cavities Enlarged brain

Answer 14

Monotreme/egg-laying Marsupial/pouched Placental

Answer 15

``` Complex, advanced brain Decreased sense of smell Increased sense of sight (colour vision) Decreased sense of hearing Small, practically immovable ears Increased sensitivity of touch Able to sit, stand and walk in upright position ```

Answer 16

Clawed digits At least 4 digits on each foot Some walk on toes (dogs/cats), soles (bears) or intermediate forms Heavy skull with strong facial musculature Teeth are rooted (small, weak incisors, strong curved canines) Winter sleep is not considered to be hibernation because certain physiological changes do not take place and therefore they can be awakened All are not exclusively meat-eaters Generally 1-2 young per litter. Usually born blind, helpless but with fur

Answer 17

Equidae Tapiridae Rhinocerotidae

Answer 18

Odd number of toes Simple stomach (no rumination) Hooves No horns or antlers Rhino “horn” no firm attachment to bones of skull Teeth Molars and premolars enlarged, flattened and adapted for grinding coarse vegetation

Answer 19

Plantigrade - man - whole lower surface of foot on ground Digitigrade - dog - walk on toes/fingers with rest of the foot off the ground Unguligrade - horse - walk on hooves with rest of foot off the ground

Answer 20

Teeth - Upper incisors are generally lacking Molars and premolars enlarged, flattened and adapted for grinding coarse vegetation Lengthened limbs Highly efficient, complex stomach capable of rumination All ruminants except pigs, peccaries, hippos

Answer 21

1. food is swallowed and goes into the RUMEN for storage. Bacteria and microorganisms begin partial digestion and nutrients are absorbed 2. rumen --> RETICULUM for further bacterial fermentation. 3. Cud is formed and regurgitated for further breakdown. 4. Chewing produces highly alkaline saliva which buffers rumen pH and helps to break down fibers 5. swallowed again, bypassing rumen, goes to OMASUM where water and essential acids absorbed. Muscular contractions compact food more and passes it directly to abomasum 6. ABOMASUM aka true stomach. Acids and digestive enzymes (similar to stomach of non-ruminant) further breaks down food 7. Passed to LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT for further digestion, absorption and elimination Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum

Answer 22

Feathers 4 chambered heart

Answer 23

Feathers 2 pairs of limbs (one modified to wings, other for perching/walking/swimming) Skeleton delicate but strong mouth/beak/bill Lungs attached to ribs and connected to air sacs between internal organs Endothermic, high metabolic rate Young hatch from hard shelled eggs which are incubated externally 4 chambered heart (right aortic arch retained to form main vessel) Most highly evolved eyes in the animal kingdom Colour vision good Highly developed sense of hearing Stomach generally divided into 2 parts: Proventriculus (glandular stomach) Ventriculus (gizzard)

Answer 24

High metabolic rate Need to maintain high body temp and very active = obtain food with high energy values Limited fat storage capacity = can’t survive long without food

Answer 25

``` Assemble flocks Advertise nesting territories Attract mates Direct young Warn of danger ```

Answer 26

Feathers: strong, lightweight Steamlined body Body proportionately light due to skeletal system and many air chambers Pectoral (breast) musculature: strongly developed (driving force for wings) Respiratory system is highly developed, functions both as a rapid gas exchange and cooling system

Answer 27

Rhynchocephalia - Tuatara Chelonia - Turtles, tortoises, terrapins Crocodilia- Crocodiles, alligators, caiman, gharials Squamata- Lizards, snakes

Answer 28

``` Ectothermic Horny scales or plates Breathe by lungs Most lay eggs (unguarded/cared for) Mostly carnivorous ```

Answer 29

Nerve Blood

Answer 30

Health Environment temperature Emergence from hibernation Amount of food available Most 3 - 4 times a year

Answer 31

Recording chemical stimuli Snakes tongue flicked in/out, picking up particles and transferring inside to JO = trail prey or potential mates = identifies objects in surroundings Tongue itself has no sense of taste

Answer 32

Ectothermic Naked skin (not scaly) Nearly all breathe with gills when young, lungs when adult Majority lay eggs in water, not guarded Adults are carnivorous, some young are vegetarian Some produce obnoxious secretions (defense)

Answer 33

Modification of 2 pairs of lateral fins (used by fish for swimming) into 2 pairs of limbs for locomotion on land Ways of breathing air Prevention of dehydration by loss of water through the skin Mechanisms to permit development of eggs on land

Answer 34

Caudata - Salamanders Apoda - Caecilians Salientia - Frogs: semi-aquatic, web-footed, naked clammy skin, powerful hind legs Toads: terrestrial, wart-like bumps that exude poisonous fluid, can’t jump far

Answer 35

All have crania Live in water Possess gills, used throughout life span Possess fins.

Answer 36

amplifies sound and assists in swimming. Acts as supplementary breathing organ. Vary amount of gas in bladder to adjust its body weight and remain suspended at whatever depth it elects.

Answer 37

Series of sensory cells usually running the length of both sides of the body Receives low frequency vibrations Used to determine direction of currents and presence of nearby objects Helps determine water temperature, find it’s way through murky water, travel at night, escape predators, assist in keeping schooling fish together

Answer 38

Agnatha - Lampreys and hagfish Chondrichthyes - Sharks, rays, skates and chimeras Osteichthyes - Bony fishes

Answer 39

Nesting place Hiding place - burrows, vegetation Visual barrier Place to give birth and rear young Care for skin, horns, hoofs, claws (rubbing posts, dust baths) Camouflage - coloured sand, backgrounds Stimulate activity Devices for animal maintenance - catch pens, escape tunnels, hiding places = daily routines produce less stress Regulates humidity - waterfalls, running water, misting systems, live plants, moisture absorbing substrates Regulates temperature - shade, insulating, wind break Balance gas exchange - plants Psychological security - blankets, sound source Safety (creeps)

Answer 40

Interesting and pleasing exhibit Educational aid - demonstrates environment, adaptations, behaviour Photogenic background Improved experience - seeing active animals

Answer 41

Job satisfaction (public appreciation, conditions for animals, reproductive results) Less time cleaning where plants and animals in balance Stress levels reduced = easier to maintain Abnormal behaviour is easier to detect - allows for normal expression of activities

Answer 42

Animals height, tail length, wing spread, weight Vertical or horizontal Care when binding perches together - make as tight as possible Psittacines may try to remove Diameter for proper grip and varied - 3/4 foot wrapped around Secured for climbing animals Rough/smooth (grip, nail wear, bumblefoot) Placement: - Height from ceiling - Distance from walls - Where faeces will fall - Allows flight/leaping space - Maximizes use of space - Allows staff entry - Eye poking level

Answer 43

Attitude Awareness (of their role + policies/procedures) Prevention (well informed, good husbandry techniques, use and properly care for tools and equipment, follow established diets) Observation Communication Co-operation

Answer 44

Change in behaviour Change in defection Change in urination Change in appetite/water consumption Discharges -(amount, colour, consistency) Coughing, sneezing, gagging -(how often, how much, circumstances) Limping or refusal to rise Change in appearance -Loss of hair/feathers, dull or matted coat, weight changes Wounds, sores, lumps -(appearance, size, location, rate of growth) Respiration -Change in depth and frequency, animal may tire easily Regurgitation or vomiting - (occurance in relation to eating, how much/often) - Foreign bodies, hair balls, parasites or blood

Answer 45

``` Monitor temperatures and weights Change in routine Change in basking behaviour Poor-shedding Poor colour ```

Answer 46

Infectious Caused by lower organisms that may or may not be contagious Non-infectious

Answer 47

INFECTIOUS Caused by lower organisms that may or may not be contagious Viruses - rabies, canine distemper, monkey B virus Bacteria - tetanus, TB, Fungi - ringworm, aspergillosis Internal Parasites - malaria, coccidia, giardia, roundworm External Parasites - mange

Answer 48

Developmental - abnormalities of body structure or function Degenerative Metabolic -disorders or metabolism e.g. diabetes, capture myopathy Mechanical Neoplastic Nutritional Psychological - stress related e.g. self trauma Toxic

Answer 49

Species and type of disease Genetic variability e.g. poor conformation = foot and leg problems Age General state of health and nutritional status. Underlying issues can exacerbate disease of affect immune system Stress (reduced immune system function)

Answer 50

Keep groups of animals properly separated - Besides interspecific aggression - Some species may be a reservoir of disease fatal to others Keep pets out Quarantine new animals - Examine, test, treat Hygiene - Wash hands, tools, boots between areas - Clean pens, dishes and bowls - Dispose of manure, bedding properly - Avoid conditions suitable for micro-organisms Balanced diet -Meets nutritional and psychological needs Vaccination program - rabies, tetanus, distemper etc Parasite control program - routine and as needed Pest control program Other preventative measures - TB testing - Hoof and teeth care - Routine health exams

Answer 51

Know emergency procedures Know your equipment, location and how to use. Keep in good condition Know animal behaviour, be aware of problems such as increasing stress Never close a shift door unless animal is in full view (limbs and tail) Look out for dangerous materials e.g. plastic, poisonous plants, wire Protect from other animals and public Take precautions before problems occur, not after Think before moving animals, prepare in advance for their arrival or departure Prepare pens in advance with animals needs addressed Diligently check holdings after catch-ups/knockdowns Be careful with heat lamps - explode, right fixture, wood catch fire

Answer 52

Sharp objects Flaking paint No cleaning agents or chemicals or within sight/reach Holes in floor, walls, ceiling, fences, wood, mesh etc Water supply is clean and unobstructed Food/water positioned where animal will not walk, defecate or urinate in it Adequate abrasive areas where necessary Temperature, lighting, humidity controls functioning correctly Ventilation and electrical systems

Answer 53

``` Consistency Colour Texture Frequency Amount Smell/odour Blood (fresh = inflammation of colon or caecum, caused by infectious agents or non-infectious processes) Mucous (inflammation or irritation in the intestine, bacterial/protozoan infection of the gut) Foreign objects Parasites (tapeworm, roundworm) Animal straining ```

Answer 54

``` Routine animal health program New arrival at zoo Transfers within the zoo Clinical cases Research ```

Answer 55

ISIS # (group = enclosure MUST be given) Animals name (optional or if ISIS unknown) Area/Enclosure (pavilion, area, pen) Date

Answer 56

``` Zoo area (pavilion, holding, pen etc) Date of death (or found if unknown) Time of death (or found) Species ID (name, tag, bands etc) Age (adult, juvenile, newborn) Sex Weight (or length for fish) Observation and comments -recent changes, signs of struggle, location of body, unusual signs prior) ```

Answer 57

1tbsp/10mL Cleaning dishes Antibacterial

Answer 58

25mL : 1L water 1 : 40 For cleaning hard surfaces in holdings and exhibits

Answer 59

8mL or 16mL : 1L water For cleaning hard surfaces in holdings and exhibits

Answer 60

1 : 4 Cleaning glass

Answer 61

4mL : 1L water Disinfectant: hard surfaces in holdings and exhibits

Answer 62

30mL : 5L water Disinfectant: hard surfaces in holdings and exhibits

Answer 63

50g : 4L water (1% solution) Disinfectant: tools, footbaths

Answer 64

``` Location/exhibit Keys Keeper access (general or restricted) Qualifications Animal Husbandry Special Instructions Keeper Safety Catch-up Procedure ```

Answer 65

Clipping = primary feathers on one wing cut (except last) Needs to be repeated regularly = keepers monitor closely Pinioning = removal of the "finger bones" below pollex Last/distal joint is the pinion = permanent

Answer 66

``` Low humidity Old injury Lack of suitable props to assist shedding Poor health Poor diet ```

Answer 67

Investigate possible causes and try to rectify them Increase moisture by spraying with water Move to a holding container where humidity can be elevated (damp paper as substrate) Wait until next shed to see if problem persists Assist shed Last resort Unless small area that needs attention

Answer 68

Thermoregulation Territoriality Metabolism using vitamin D

Answer 69

Ectothermic Raise temperature by basking, flattening body against sun warmed surface/rocks, having dark coloration Too cold = lethargic, lose all locomotion Too hot = die of heat stress Preferred body temperature varies deepening on season and time of year Temperature variation may be essential for reproduction and longer life span = provide choice for lizard to choose

Answer 70

Most are territorial Males display and sometimes build to attacking Females sometimes territorial but not as common = essential to correctly sex

Answer 71

Vit D3 is required for assimilation of calcium and phosphorous into bones - critical for strong healthy bones Ca:P ideal ratio 2:1, ok range 1:1 to 2:1 Without it, bones de-calcify = ricket like condition Vit D3 normally received from UV rays in sunlight 2 ways to ensure lizards receive enough: - Add to diet as well as extra calcium (phosphorous is usually plentiful in their regular diet) - Provide UV light (on a schedule, not constant exposure)

Answer 72

Handle early in day before warming of exhibit Handle a day after feeding to avoid regurgitation Use same routine when catching up on a regular basis = learn so little restraint needed = less stress Don’t use cardboard boxes to move them Tortoise urine softens cardboard Use appropriate carrying boxes Use cotton bags (don’t place on table as potential for it to roll off) Wash after use Handler must be confident and respect the danger potential

Answer 73

Use clean hands/gloves when handling Can use a net made of paper towels Small containers should be packed with moss or sponge to prevent frogs from leaping and bashing themselves against container Or use plastic bag inflated with air and some water

Answer 74

Most secrete toxins through skin or enlarged glands behind the head (parotid glands) May irritate your hands, eyes or mouth Will irritate sensitive skin of other amphibians Take in moisture (don’t drink) and some oxygen through skin, must ensure that your hands don’t have irritants (soaps, sweat acid) on them

Answer 75

Observed escape and recaptured within 10 minutes = thoroughly rinse with tepid dechlorinated water and return to enclosure Not observed escaping and not recaptured within 10 minutes: = isolate from other collection animals but remain within the same building - reported - vet staff swab for PCR analysis: negative = can be put back with collection. Positive = remain isolated and treatment options explored

Answer 76

- Keep warm (25-26C) - In a humid atmosphere (covered container or on damp paper towels) - Disturb as little as possible Mark the upper surface of shell with a light pencil mark (reference to maintain the correct special orientation of the egg) - Do not jar or rotate the eggs (may cause the embryo to separate from the yolk or rupture blood vessels) - Sit eggs in dampened vermiculite or on damp paper towels in a covered container Transport/set up in incubators ASAP (Incubator should be previously calibrated to maintain 27-32C or 80-90F) - clean eggs of any foreign material (handle with clean hands) - Place eggs in containers 3/4 full of vermiculite, vermiculite should be 1.5x the depth of the egg - Bury the eggs to a depth of 3/4 of the egg, cover and weigh - Label container: species, number of eggs and weight and set in incubator. - Record the species and date of arrival on a separate egg log form for each clutch

Answer 77

Wet 1.0 g water to 1 g mix Turtle Intermediate 0.5 g water to 1 g mix Snake Dry 0.2 g water to 1 g mix Desert lizard

Answer 78

First thing in the morning: - check incubator is keeping eggs at the desired temperature and adjust as necessary. - Record daily temperature on the egg log form. -Weigh egg container weekly. Add water to bring back to original start weight (slowly, close to but not on eggs; or use spray mister to spray substrate, but do not spray eggs) MOLD OR FUNGUS within 3 weeks usually indicates dead or infertile eggs. After that, mold or fungus may appear on healthy eggs or on eggs with dead embryos. (candler or egg heart-rate monitor to determine fertility but as little disturbance as possible is best) EGGS APPEAR TO COLLAPSE just before hatching (a few weeks for larger eggs; a few days for others), may be normal for soft-shelled eggs. At this time we do not usually add any water. No healthy eggs should be discarded until well after the expected date of hatching (e.g. 2-3 weeks). Eggs in the same clutch may hatch over 7-10 days apart. Eggs past due date can be opened to confirm fertility or stage of development. If in doubt consult Supervisor or Veterinarian. SLIT APPEARS IN THE EGGS = may be necessary to check the hatchling is alive. Use forceps to lift up egg along slit. Most hatchlings are weak at this time, very susceptible to dehydration, and will have some yolk sac remaining. Do not force the hatchling to emerge or disturb the hatching process. In extreme cases it may be necessary to enlarge the slit in the egg so that a weakened hatchling can breathe or crawl out of the egg. IF A HATCHLING EMERGES WITH THE YOLK SAC attached it is important to keep it clean (sterile) and that it does not rupture. In such cases keep it warm and humid and notify a Veterinarian. A dish with damp, crumpled paper towels allows the embryo to move without crushing the yolk sac (which will be pressed down into the towelling during movement). -Record final disposition of every egg on the egg log form. All eggs must be sent to the WHC post mortem room with an egg submission form for post-mortem examination and disposal.

Answer 79

Remain calm Remove emergency phone receiver If able to safely speak, describe nature of the problem and species OR seek safety once alarm activated Lie still Keep escaped animal under observation if possible

Answer 80

Reassure victim Ensure victim is lying down quietly Remove jewellery from the extremities of bitten body-part Immobilize/splint bitten extremity in a comfortable position. Use a sling if the bite is on the hand. Keep below the level of the heart Return any escaped animal to it's enclosure, if possible Remove venomous reptile card (from the back of exhibit or on holding container) to send with the victim to the hospital. Confirm species and antivenin for Control Accompany victim to hospital Antivenin and Venomous Reptile card should be taken with victim Don’t delay transportation of victim to hospital Antivenin may be transported in a separate vehicle

Answer 81

Immediately report to control - Radio: 10-98, animal type and location - Provide your name and extension calling from - Number of animals involved - Last known direction animal was headed - If employees/guests are at risk of attack, or has been attacked, it is critical that this is made known to Control and where the animal is in relation to the victim Keep animal under observation from safe location Close the area service gates and doors Contact AC staff in the vicinity Without putting yourself at risk, render first aid to any injured person until assistance arrives Assist with crowd control

Answer 82

Dangerous: Aggressive and capable of inflicting potentially lethal wounds with little or no provocation Threatening: May exhibit aggressive behaviour or present a safety hazard with a moderate amount of provocation Non-Threatening While difficult to recapture, pose no threat to safety while at large, but could cause significant public interest

Answer 83

Do not do any feedings or water changes/tank cleaning during the outage. Bio-loads must not increase. Air Compressor Ensure emergency power has started Check air stones operating and no back siphoning (keep air pumps higher) Filters Max of 2 hours with no flow Temperature dependent Heaters/Chillers - Tank - Room Lights Emergency only Power on: - Ensure air compressor restarts, all airlines and stones are operating - Filters discharging water, not just running - Check no airlock in the filters - Reset timers - Lights will come on, metal halide about 15 minutes

Answer 84

Air compressors must be turned off by Utilities Switch over to secondary system - Check airstones working - Much less powerful system - Adjust individual tanks No water changes until authorized as lines will be super chlorinated by the authorities = kills fish Feed less

Answer 85

You only have minutes to react to save the fishes If possible, remove fish from tank. - Use tank water, pour into new container to degas. Add numerous airstones into container. - If not possible to use tank water, use dechlorinated Add as many air stones to tank as possible and turn on full “boiling” = drives off excess gas Call maintenance to check system Call vets to treat fish

Answer 86

Feeding behaviour Presentation Location Timing of feeds How to feed

Answer 87

Plants chemical defence substance Bitter tasting to deter animals from eating Most herbivores able to break these chemicals down Keepers need to know what plants have these and minimize them in the diet since there is a threshold before it can harm an animal

Answer 88

Meticulously clean All foods and equipment dry, clean, oiled Knives honed sharp and stored properly Vitamins/supplements stored appropriately-no light, fridge etc Tightly closed, rodent-proof containers Disinfect regularly: benches, cutting boards Clean sinks, drains

Answer 89

Know what to feed and amount - diet sheets - needs and routine Appropriate size Don't feed spoiled, mouldy or dusty food Always break up bales and look for foreign objects Investigate food rejection Pay attention to group feedings to ensure adequate share for each individual Clean containers/bowls etc inside and out Observe, record, report, follow up on changes/requests -consumption, attitude If doubt/unsure, ask Present in exciting/imaginable ways Rotate feeding stations, clean underneath Number of feed sites appropriate for number of animals to prevent/reduce aggression Provide grit/oyster shell in small amounts, replace regularly Not eating? Report Rotate food Order what can be used in a reasonable amount of time

Answer 90

Susceptible to dessication Loss of nutrients (e.g. vitamins) Potential bacterial contamination Pests

Answer 91

Not rejected = supplemental feedings Ensure mom is eating well Camera inside nest box/area Weighing schedule for mom+infant Monitor temps and humidity Blood sample to determine colostrum

Answer 92

Always feed to the back of the mouth (behind glottis) Feed slowly - head moves up/down with swallowing to prevent aspiration Crop needs to be emptied prior to next feeding -crop stasis/sour crop/crop binding

Answer 93

Reduction or complete stoppage of movement of food from crop to the rest of the digestive tract. Serious life-threatening condition Food too cold - drains chicks body heat Environmental temp too cold Food too hot (burn/cause damage to crop) Formula too thick Overfed (over stretches the crop) Bacterial, viral or yeast infection = systemic disease Crop impacted with foreign object

Answer 94

Solitary vs group Lactating, pregnant Time of year/season (winter vs summer) Type of diet (herbivore, omnivore, carnivore) Age Metabolized energy Current health and body condition

Answer 95

Supplies all nutrients the animal needs Allows seasonal changes in needs Digestive organs used in proper manner of feeding process Provide occupational or contentment with feeding process Keep the animal safe from psychological harm

Answer 96

Alfalfa: Legume with nitrogren fixing abilities High protein (16-22%) Timothy: Grass, no nitrogen fixing Low protein (6-10%) Provides protein, fibre, bulk, occupation and contentment

Answer 97

2 copy form to request food/changes from WNC - Change in number of animals - Unacceptability of food - Poor condition of animal - Feed trials - Lactation/pregnancy needs - Seasonal changes

Answer 98

Check condition of food (Spoiled, presentation, accessible, in enrichment?) For reptile/amphibian: check monthly report (timing fed) Talk to other keepers (mistake with food, RX) Talk to grade 4/supervisor Talk to WNC - alternatives? Report - talk to vets, check for illness/injury that may prevent eating

Answer 99

``` Good: Nothing else in it - weeds, thistles Not damp/mouldy/dusty Dry, green, leafy Timothy: 30% leaf Alfalfa: 50% leaf ``` ``` Bad: Less percentage of leaf visible Damp/mouldy/dusty Dried out - stiff Yellowish colour Abundance of stalk and mature seedheads Disintegrates easily ```

Answer 100

``` Colour Consistency Frequency Amount Smell Texture ```

Answer 101

Maintaining temp and physiological functions (respiration, digestion etc) and the repairing and replacing of tissues without the animal losing or gaining weight

Answer 102

``` IV drip Food Mist Sponge Pond/pool Automatic waterers Lick-its Bowl Collected in vegetation ```

Answer 103

Harder to identify how much edible material is being provided -harder to monitor food intake Can be difficult to weigh (large branches) Hard to assess nutritional content/calories (e.g. younger grass shoots) -Considerable variation e.g. hay, silage, haylage)

Answer 104

Thiamine (vit B1) Thawing = degeneration Vitamin E Storage = degeneration Supplementation = decreases risk of developing neurological disorders

Answer 105

Don't use if excessively dusty Check for dampness/mould Break open to look for foreign objects Remove twine immediately after cut and dispose of properly

Answer 106

Provides: - Protein - Fibre - Occupation/contentment - Bulk in feeding

Answer 107

Way hay is cut When the hay is cut: older = decrease moisture and protein, increase fibre younger = increase in % of leaves:stems, moisure and protein Early cutting is important because lignin (insoluble compound) laid down after plant stops growing -vast quantities will reduce ability of digestion of microorganisms in the rumen Poor quality hay does not support maximum bacterial growth in the rumen

Answer 108

They lack cellulase to digest cellulose = rely on symbiotic micro-organisms living in their digestive tract Microorganisms digest cellulose and produce volatile fatty acids =fermentation

Answer 109

FOREGUT = ruminants (and slots, kangaroos, langur monkeys) -Large stomachs, several compartments where microbial fermentation of cellulose takes place = very efficient use of food = can be fed 1 or 2 times a day, spend rest of day ruminating - typically produce less faeces and often in pellet form HINDGUT -Breakdown of cellulose occurs after ingested food material passed trough main absorptive area of digestive tracts - not efficient users of food - more passed through undigested and elimanated as waste - more important to feed them more regularly

Answer 110

``` Spoiled Improper presentation Placement and location Illness/injury Gravid Seasonal conditions Environmental conditions Not hungry? ```

Answer 111

Cage card -ID, gender, name, exhibit/holding # Diet sheet Training/enrichment logs Husbandry guidelines Daybook/blank paper/white board/bulletin board Emergency procedures/LO-TO Specific health and safety info

Answer 112

Check exhibit perimeter fence/moat Cleaned as needed Repairs done immediately (or reported) Secure - even if cleaned night before Everything removed - tools, chemicals, people etc No foreign objects Food and water is appropriate

Answer 113

Shift animals Get all tools before hand Drain Use stairs or clean small part of moat Use PPE for any chemicals used Use appropriate tools Wear solid rubber boots Rinse thoroughly

Answer 114

``` Sphagnum moss Reptile/amphibian substrate, sand Coconut husk Wood wool Mulch (4 different kinds; pine/cedar, fine/coarse) Soil Gravel Rubber/synthetic floors Straw and shavings ```

Answer 115

DEEP BED - Lots of layers of shavings and straw - sick, pregnant, animals to be anaesthetized - slowly made smaller as dirty material removed HOT BED - animal waste mixed with bedding forms a mattress - topped with fresh bedding - decomposition heats bed - only used in outdoor exhibits (produces ammonia)

Answer 116

Replicates natural environment/habitat Water retention properties Aesthetic appearance Sterility Allow burrowing/digging Foot/hoof care

Answer 117

4 chambered stomach: Animal fills rumen and gut quickly then retires somewhere safe to ruminate Walls of stomach move constantly, returning material to mouth for re-chewing = rumination -mixes with saliva to aid further breakdown In reticulum, bacteria/protozoa pre-digest cellulose and produce vitamins, proteins and amino acids Resulting material -> omasum where excess water removed - > abomasum: normal digestion takes place - > small intestine for final absorption

Answer 118

ANTLERS - deer only Only males - except reindeer/caribou - Made of solid bone, grown from skull and break off each year - Growing = covered with highly vasculized skin = velvet: - provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone - huge nutritional demand to regrow antlers HORNS - develop in young, built to stay on for life - central core of bone attached to skull, covered with keratin - can be damaged if sheath comes off = lots of blood - damaged horn won't grow back and "fix" itself

Answer 119

Picking on other fish Missing or damaged parts Hiding and not coming out for food or at all Change in territory of certain fish Stereotypical swimming patterns (caused by stress) Agitated behaviour Lack of growth Dead fish Chasing

Answer 120

Talk to other keepers, gr. 4, supervisor, LK Let fish work it out to establish pecking order Ensure no overcrowding Tank too small: Decrease population size or move to bigger tank Tank too big: Increase fish/funiture or move to smaller tank Rearrange furniture/plants Ensure adequate food intake

Answer 121

Social -territory, status, observational learning Hormonal -normal/seasonal fluctuations, breeding Physical causes -illness/injury, medications Behavioural -response to aversive stimuli

Answer 122

CONS - disease spread/reservoir - lack of diet control - eat others food - interspecific incompatibility - competition/aggression - biological rank - may have different environmental needs - require more furniture, creeps, hides etc - hybridization PROS - more enriching/stimulating - more natural - increased educational value - better use of exhibit/space

Answer 123

- no natural disinfection process from sun/rain etc - smaller space than paddock - higher humidity promotes bacterial, fungal or mould growth - to recognize when need to change to remove wastes/urine

Answer 124

Decrease stress Allows for hiding/camouflage = comfort/safety More natural for fish Allows for breeding site Easier to plant plants Prevents reptiles from rubbing nose against glass Positive public image - aesthetically pleasing - educational value - doesn't show dirt in tank

Answer 125

When a foreign object punctures the reticulum of a ruminant (they are indiscriminate feeders)

Answer 126

Animals safety Is the shift working properly Is the area the animal going to ready? -no tools etc, food, water, safe and secure? Allow animal to move completely clear of shift before closing it again Not forcing animal into dominant male/animal on the other side Nothing blocking other side

Answer 127

Disinfect holding New bedding/substrate Add plants, signage, furniture, complete exhibit Inspect exhibit and holding - ensure all repairs done Submit diet change form Tools and tool storage Safety equipment Diet sheet, cage card, enrichment/training logs, husbandry protocol Animal info sheets and history from previous keepers Ensure everything in good working order (shifts, doors) Locks

Answer 128

Basic first aid measures to control hemorrhage Notify supervisor, arrange transport to FAC Wound scrubbed clean for 3min+ with antiseptic soap Apply betadine/iodine to wound Apply dressing to protect from infection and control hemorrhage Fill out accident report

Answer 129

All barriers/moats/fences Fences: no loose fencing, wire, nails, twine Glass Bars - strong and safe Foreign objects Cold draughts - many animals may be comfortable in cold conditions but not cold draughts -Hardware disease

Answer 130

Castration Sterilization of males Chemical implants (birth control) to prevent estrus Culling of herbivores Euthanasia Pull eggs Single sex groups - or separate prior to breeding season

Answer 131

Space availability Unable to provide environmental conditions Lack staff numbers or expertise to care for that species

Answer 132

Discourage visitor feeding/harming -explain policy if observed Remove harmful/foreign objects Chance to observe animals - different circumstances - enrichment use Answer questions = enhance guest experience

Answer 133

Location Harm/irritation caused to the animal Does the animal live with others who may interfere with it? Temporary/Permanent Degree of intervention required What information needs to be portrayed and should be visible Methods successful with the target species

Answer 134

Degree of handling required Longevity of I.D needed Potential of pain during application Impact on animals life (normal behaviour etc)

Answer 135

Newborn group of animals Behavioural/medical monitoring or study New animal intro to a group Egg incubation

Answer 136

Those involved in conservation and research can be identified Gives individuality - day to to day management - monitor changes in individuals - learn social ranking, behaviour etc Make sure they receive proper medication Research purposes, surveys, animal biology

Answer 137

Disease spread (conspecifics, wild animals, pests, people, food/water) Injury caused by other animals Injury caused by exhibit design Injury during restraint/transport Dietary problems, toxic foods Complications during birth/egg-laying Inbreeding (increase risk of genetic abnormalities)

Answer 138

``` Abnormal or frequent change in posture Gait/speed Guarding behavior Vocalizations Aggressiong Licking, biting, scratching, chewing Restlessness Rolling, writhing Kicking, tail flicking Impaired or change in breathing Shallow breathing or increased respiration rate ```

Answer 139

``` Up to date temperature/humidity Weights Change in routine Change in basking behaviour Poor shedding Poor colour ```

Answer 140

Always with disposable gloves Handle as little as possible Use branch or tool to put into bag Rabies suspect = double bag Fill out PM form and label carcass

Answer 141

``` Pacing Coprophagy Regurgitation/reingestion Decrease use of space/exhibit Rocking/head shaking Exhibit mutilation - bar biting Self-mutilation Overgrooming, licking Inadequate/inappropriate sexual or parental behaviour Stereotypical movements Refusal of food Increased aggression Hiding ```

Answer 142

``` Don't move immediately to centre Don't crowd animak Allow time for them to retreat/hide Give as much space as you can Don't shout, gesture or make abrupt/sudden movements Talk consistently and calmly to keep animal calm Watch animal using peripheral vision Take in minimum number of tools with you Be aware/know critical distance ```

Answer 143

``` Weight loss Wheezing Dragging feathers/wings Loss of feathers or dull colouring Laboured or open-mouthed breathing Can't perch - loss of balance Decreased activity levels Change in feces - abnormal, water, stuck to feathers around cloaca Puffing up feathers ```

Answer 144

Containments closed and secured Air temp and humidity checked daily Attempt not to disturb any webs Wash ALL fruit, veg, browse