Hunter-Intro to Immune Flashcards
What type of villain is plasmodium? Which disease is it responsible for?
parasite; malaria! caused more mortality than any other pathogen in history
**seen in RBCs
What is Schistosoma?
worms in the blood! a parasitic flatworm
What is Ancylostoma?
this is a hook worm found in the GI tract–It causes crazy blood loss
What are some types of bacteria that often infect organisms?
Mycobacteria— Staphylococcus—everywhere!! Streptococcus Escherichia (gram neg) Salmonella (gram negative)
What are types of fungus that bother humans?
Candida
Aspergillus
What are 2 important viruses that cause humans trouble?
HIV
influenza
T/F If a person has a severely compromised immune system & a bad infection–>they will greatly benefit from antibiotics.
False. Antibiotics are only a useful treatment option when a person has an intact immune system.
What is the most important medical advance in history?
the invention of the vaccine
smallpox vaccination
edward jenner
**it’s been almost completely eradicated now thanks to the WHO eradication program headed up by Dr. Henderson
Aside from the smallpox vaccination, what are some other important vaccines that have been invented?
diphtheria, measles, polio
What is the time frame for the innate response?
0-4 hrs
Which response happens in the following time frame: 4-96 hrs?
early induced innate response
How long does the adaptive response take?
more than 96 hours; 4 days
How long does the early induced innate response take?
4-96 hours
Which response takes over 96 hours to happen?
the adaptive response
Describe the process involved in the innate immune response. Remember: 0-4 hrs
You get an infection.
This infection is recognized by preformed nonspecific & broad effectors.
The infectious agent is removed.
Describe the process involved in the early induced innate response. Remember: 4-96 hours.
You get an infection. This infection is recognized by its microbial-associated molecular patterns. Inflammation occurs. Effectors are recruited & activated. The infectious agent is removed.
Describe the process involved in the adaptive immune response. Remember: over 96 hours.
You get an infection.
The antigen is transported to lymphoid organs.
Naive B & T cells recognize this.
Clonal expansion & differentiation to form the effector cells.
The infectious agent is removed.
Which immune process is described here? The effectors aren’t preexisting. You have to make new cells. You recognize microbes & make an inflammatory response.
Early induced innate
How long does it take to make an antibody?
5-6 days
Lymphoid cells play a role in which immune process?
adaptive
If you have already been exposed to something before…which immune process will be used?
innate
**adaptive is for new things
What is the mama of the immune system? Which cells come from here?
the bone marrow
hematopoietic cells
all WBCs
What are some examples of the WBCs that come from the bone marrow?
lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil
What are some circumstances where a person’s bone marrow would become completely wiped out? What is the result of this?
treatment for leukemia
gamma radiation
**you wipe out their immune system
If a person has leukemia & you wipe out their bone marrow…what must you do next?
give them a bone marrow transplant
Why does gamma radiation damage the bone marrow?
b/c this type of radiation targets dividing cells (good for cancer treatment)…but the bone marrow is constantly dividing so it damages this.
You have a hematopoietic stem cell. What are 3 things that it could differentiate into in the bone marrow? Which 2 of these would be considered a part of the immune system?
- common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor
- common myeloid progenitor
- common lymphoid progenitor
* *2 & 3 are a part of the immune system
How do you get from a common erythroid megakaryocytic progenitor to a platelet? Where does this occur?
common erythroid megakaryocytic progenitor–>megakaryocyte in the bone marrow–> platelet in the blood
How do you get from a common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor to an erythrocyte? Where does this occur?
common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor–>erythroblast in the bone marrow–>RBC in the blood
What are the 2 things that a common myeloid progenitor can become in the bone marrow?
- common granulocyte precursor
2. unknown precursor
What are the 3 granulocytes that can come from the common granulocyte precursor once they get to the blood?
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
What are the 2 things that the unknown precursor can become? where does this transformation occur?
- Mast cell (in the tissues)
2. Monocyte (in the blood)
the monocyte can further differentiate into 2 things. Which things?
- macrophage
2. dendritic cell
What are the 2 things that a common lymphoid progenitor can become? Where does this occur?
- NK/T Cell precursor (bone marrow)
2. B cell (blood)
What does a B cell further differentiate into? Where?
a plasma cell in the tissues
What does the NK/T cell precursor become? Where?
T Cell (blood) NK cell (tissues)
What can the T cell further differentiate into? Where?
effector T cell (tissues)
What are the 2 main lineages of the immune system that originate in the bone marrow? Which belongs to innate mainly & which to adaptive?
- Common myeloid progenitor (innate)
2. Common lymphoid progenitor (adaptive)
In a basic sense, what is the purpose of the immune systeM?
finding a way to deal with pathogens
**cells from the bone marrow go to the blood & to the tissues surveying for pathogens.
When you think: B cells, T Cells, Nk cells…which type of immunity flashes across your mind?
adaptive immunity
When you think: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes…which type of immunity flashes across your mind?
innate immunity
As they differentiate into plasma cells, what do B cells make?
antibodies!! Yay!!
Which important cell type has an eccentric nucleus?
plasma cells!
Dendritic cells are important for which type of immunity?
adaptive immunity
In utero, you make most of your hematopoietic cells in the _____ & when you are born you make most of them in the bone marrow.
LIVER
What is the central lymphoid organ?
Bone Marrow
Where do T cells go to mature?
the thymus!
NK cells are really good at dealing with what as a part of the adaptive response?
viruses!
Note: they do this in a sort of innate way b/c it happens before the adaptive response is turned on. Hudig calls it adaptive, tho.
In extramedullary hematopoiesis…which organ makes hematopoietic cells?
spleen
What is polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) another name for?
neutrophils!
Which cells could be described as granulocytes of the myeloid lineage? Involved in the innate immune response.
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
What is the function of a neutrophil?
**phagocytosis
kills of microorganisms
What is the function of an eosinophil?
**deals w/ parasites
kills antibody-coated parasites thru release of granule contents
What is the function of a basophil?
**deals w/ parasites
controls the immune response to parasites
What is the function of a monocyte?
it is the circulating precursor to the macrophage!
What is the function of the macrophage?
- *Phagocytosis! Kills microorganisms
* *also activates T cells & initiates an immune response
What is the function of the dendritic cell?
- *activates T cells & initiates the adaptive response
* *So even tho it is in the myeloid lineage (innate side) it is involved in adaptive b/c it is an activator
Remember that the mast cell comes from the common myeloid progenitor. What is its function?
expulsion of parasites from the body thru release of granules containing histamine & other things
What is the function of a megakaryocyte? What is its precursor?
platelet formation & wound repair
comes from common erythryoid megakaryocytic progenitor
What is the function of an erythrocyte?
oxygen transport
Put it together, Michelle! Both the dendritic cells & macrophages come from monocytes. Which function do they both share that is sorta adaptive even tho they are on the innate lineage side?
**they activate T cells & initiate the adaptive response
B Cells can’t work w/o ______ cells helping.
T cells
Who is the adaptive immune response’s MVP?
T CELLS!
What is the function of a small lymphocyte?
production of B cells or T cells
What is the function of a plasma cell?
antibody production, yo! note: this is a fully differentiated B cell
What is the function of a natural killer cell?
kills cells infected with a certain virus.
Aside from the bone marrow, what is the 2nd central lymphoid tissue of the immune system?
the thymus! Remember: the T cells are the MVP of the adaptive response.
Describe the role of the lymphatic system in the immune system.
So…the circulatory system is a part of the immune system…but then you get these bad & good cells in peripheral tissues w/ extravasated liquid. You have to get that stuff back into circulation! Lymphatics do that. but you don’t want the bad microorganisms who have been arrested to be released into freedom into the blood again. Lymph nodes filter & get rid of these microorganisms & solve this problem.
Which organ of the body, according to Hunter, receives the largest amount of blood flow?
spleen!
What is the function of the spleen?
it is made of a lot of immune cells & it deals with blood infections
Ex: the spleen of a malaria pt will balloon up & be crazy large b/c it is dealing with a blood infection!
What is the largest structural part of the immune systeM?
MALT: mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
found in Gi, resp etc.
Describe the structure & function of the thymus.
it has a cortex & a medulla
it eliminates self-reactive cells & only matures good T cells
**important for self-non-self discrimination
When does your thymus start to atrophy?
after puberty
Describe lymph node shape, function, and the cell types present.
small & kidney-bean shaped
gets rid of microorganisms that are in the lymph
dendritic cells, T cells, B cells
What is the relationship b/w the dendritic cells, T cells & B cells that are found in the lymph nodes?
dendritic cells activate the T cells.
T cells help the B cells to become plasma cells (that produce antibodies)
The patient is a 10-month-old female infant who developed a cold that lasted two weeks. On the 14th day of her upper respiratory tract infection, she became lethargic and felt very warm. Her mother found that her temperature was 41.7° C. When the infant developed convulsive movements of her extremeties, she was rushed to the emergency room but died on the way to the hospital. Post-mortem cultures of blood were obtained, and cultures were also nmade from her throat and cerebrospinal fluid. All the cultures grew Haemophilus influenzae type b. At autopsy, the infant was found to have no spleen.
What does this child have?
congenital asplenia
What is the pattern of inheritance of congenital asplenia?
autosomal dominant
What is a way of revealing that a child does not have a spleen?
scintillation scanning
after injection of radioactive colloidal gold
What is the risk of having congenital asplenia?
increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria, like H. Influenza & uncleared bacteremia…can end up with meningitis or pneumonia
Aside from those with congenital asplenia…who else can be at similar risk?
those who have undergone splenectomies
done w/ idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
car accident that damages your spleen
What is the function of MALT? What are 2 types of MALT?
Fcn: defends mucosal surfaces
Ex: GALT (gut) & BALT (bronchial)
MALT functions similar to which 2 immune organs?
lymph nodes & spleen
T/F Waldeyer’s Ring is a part of the immune system.
True. Adenoids & Tonsils….
Which type of immunity does this describe: rapid response (hours) Genome Encoded (fixed) Limited number of specificities Constant during response?
Innate Immunity
Which type of immunity does this describe: slow response (days-weeks) Non Genome Encoded (Variable) Numerous Highly Selective Specificities Improve During Response?
Adaptive Immunity
T/F In adaptive immunity–the body makes specific T cells & B cells.
False. There are a wide variety of many different receptors–>enough to recognize almost anything.
Which type of immunity is the first line of defense? What are its characteristics?
INNATE
Epithelial Barriers
Anti-Microbial Enzymes and Peptides
The Complement System
Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Neutrophils (myeloid cells)
Pattern Recognition Receptors (germline encoded)
Inflammation (rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor)
Cytokines, Chemokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Acute Phase Proteins
Interferons and NK Cells
Once again…why does adaptive immunity require innate immunity to be intact?
b/c dendritic cells & macrophages activate T cells.
What are 3 types of communication w/i the immune system?
endocrine
paracrine
cell-cell contact
What are 2 soluble mediators that are used in cell signaling?
cytokines
chemokines
T/F It is possible that signals ABC will cause a cell to grow, but signals ABCDE will cause a cell to divide.
True.
When cells don’t receive any signals at all–What often happens to them?
apoptosis
What are 3 types of antigen presenting cells?
dendritic cells
macrophages
B lymphocytes
What do antigen presenting cells do in a basic sense?
recognize antigen & initiate an immune response
Adaptive immunity is mediated by ______ cells with highly _____ receptors. What is involved in this?
lymphoid cells
highly diverse receptors
**recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells
involves B & T cells
Humoral immunity is associated with ____ cells; Cell-Mediated Immunity is associated with _____ cells.
Humoral Immunity: B cells
Cell-Mediated Immunity: T cells
Paul Ehrlich, Burnet, Medawer were all involved in which theories?
self tolerance clonal selection immunological memory (basis for vaccination)
Describe clonal selection.
Self-destroying T cells are destroyed in the thymus. The remaining cells are activated & multiplied when they come in contact with antigen.
