Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 6; Week 1-Michelle > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

number deaths/people at risk of dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the age adjusted death rate?

A

deaths/100K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does age adjusted rate allow you to compare?

A

Allows comparison between geographic areas with different proportions of older people who are more likely to die of infectious (or any) diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the age specific rate?

A 
# deaths (age group x)/
    # people (age group x) at              
               risk of dying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is proportional mortality?

A 
# deaths due to cause x, time t/
    # All deaths during same time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the case fatality rate? When is this measure useful?

A

tells the number of people who die who get the disease

gives you info about how virulent it is…not necessarily which disease requires the most resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the steps involved in an outbreak investigation?

A
  1. verify the existence of an outbreak
  2. confirm the diagnosis
  3. Assemble the team.
  4. Develop a case definition.
  5. Count person, place, time
  6. Communicate Findings
  7. introduce preliminary control measures
  8. Design study to test hypothesis
  9. Form a hypothesis
  10. surveillance & monitoring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the top 10 leading causes of death in 2013?

A 
Heart disease
Cancer
Lung Dz
Stroke
Injury
Alzheimer's
Diabetes
Nephritis..
P&I
Suicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the top 10 leading causes of death in 1900?

A 
P&I
TB
Diarrhea&Enteritis
Heart Dz
Stroke
Liver Dz
Injuries
Cancer
Senility
Diptheria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F The case definition changes as you learn more about the outbreak.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to a case definition, what makes for a confirmed case?

A

laboratory confirmed diagnostic evidence of a viral infection etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes for a probable case?

A

a PUI (person under investigation) who has symptoms of the disease, or has come in contact with the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of a curve that shows count (sorta a bar graph) & describes it in terms of person, place, time?

A

epidemiological curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F case fatality rate can change by population.

A

True. Maybe this is a population that doesn’t seek medical care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F An incubation period can be estimated from an epidemiological curve.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a point source show?

A

a common source of outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the incubation period of chickenpox?

A

10-21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the incubation period of rabies?

A

1-3 mo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the incubation period of influenza?

A

up to 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the incubation period of measles?

A

about 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the incubation period of mumps?

A

about 17 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the incubation period of rubella?

A

14-21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the incubation period of tetanus?

A

4-21 days

24
Q

What is the incubation period of whooping cough?

A

7-10 days

25
Q

What is an attack rate?

A 
a specific type of incidence rate; calculated for a narrow population. 
# new cases among pop during the period X 100/pop. at risk at the beginning of the period
**measures the probability of risk of becoming a case
26
Q

When is the attack rate useful?

A

useful if the course of the current outbreak is similar to other outbreaks
useful to examine vulnerable subgroups

27
Q

What is the secondary attack rate? What is this useful for?

A 
# cases among contacts of primary cases during period X100/ total number of contacts
**important for diseases transmitted person to person (TB measles etc)
28
Q

What is the natural history of disease?

A

unchecked progression of the disease in an individual

29
Q

What are some examples of natural history of disease?

A

tuskegee
typhoid mary
screening

30
Q

What is the timeline of the natural history of disease?

A

stage of susceptibility
exposure
stage of subclinical disease w/ pathologic changes
onset of symptoms
stage of clinical disease (usu time of diagnosis)
stage of recovery, disability or death

31
Q

What is eradication?

A

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent; intervention measures are no longer no longer needed.

32
Q

What is extinction?

A

The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or the laboratory

33
Q

What are 6 common reasons for vaccine distrust?

A
  1. Hygiene & sanitation (not vaccines) is what caused incidence of disease to be lowered.
  2. The majority of people who get disease have been vaccinated.
  3. Hot lots
  4. Vaccines have unknown long-term side effects.
  5. Country doesn’t have vaccine-able diseases. I don’t need a vaccine!
  6. Giving a child multiple vaccinations could overload their immune system.
34
Q

Which disease is eradicated? Which is almost eliminated? Which is eliminated in Finland?

A

Eradicated-smallpox
Almost Eliminated–Polio
Eliminated in Finland–Measles

35
Q

Diphtheria, mumps, rubella, pertussis, Hib what is their status?

A

well controlled in developed countries

36
Q

What are 2 diseases that are NOT controlled?

A

chickenpox

perovirus

37
Q

What are 2 diseases that are selectively controlled?

A

Hep B

BCG

38
Q

T/F There is an animal reservoir of smallpox.

A

FALSE. Good for its eradication.

39
Q

T/F Measles could theoretically be eradicated.

A

True. No animal reservoir & an effective vaccine.

40
Q

What are 5 possible benefits of modeling infectious disease?

A
  1. Gain insight into mechanisms influencing disease spread, and link individual scale ‘clinical’ knowledge with population-scale patterns.
  2. Focus thinking: model formulation forces clear statement of assumptions, hypotheses.
  3. Derive new insights and hypotheses from mathematical analysis or simulation.
  4. Establish relative importance of different processes and parameters, to focus research or management effort.
  5. Explore management options.
41
Q

What is the SEIR framework?

A

S: susceptible
E: exposed
I: infectious–able to transmit pathogen
R: removed–immune or dead individuals

42
Q

What does lambda stand for in the SEIR framework? Which transition does it represent?

A

lambda-force of infection

transitions from susceptible to exposed

43
Q

What does v represent in the SEIR framework? Which transition does it represent?

A

rate of progression to infectious state=1/latent period

**exposed to infectious

44
Q

What does gamma represent in the SEIR framework? Which transition does it represent?

A

rate of recovery=1/infectious period

**transition from infectious to removed

45
Q

What is Ro? What does it mean if Ro1?

A

Ro is basic reproductive number.
Ro1: disease can invade
**Expected number of cases caused by a typical infectious individual in a susceptible population

46
Q

How is Ro calculated?

A

Ro=CPD

47
Q

What is C?

A

C = the number of contacts the infectious person makes per unit time (day, week, month, etc.)

48
Q

What is P?

A

P = the probability of transmission per contact with the infectious person

49
Q

What is D?

A

D = the duration that the infected person is infectious to others

50
Q

How is R different from Ro?

A

R is the effective reproductive number

this is the average number of secondary infections produced by a typical infective index case

51
Q

In a homogenously mixing pop. how does R relate to Ro?

A

R=RoS (S is the proportion susceptible to infection)

52
Q

If R>1 what does this mean? If R<1 what does this mean? If R=1 what does this mean?

A

R=1 is equilibrium.

R1: moving toward epidemic

53
Q

We need Reffective to be less than 1 to have herd immunity. What is the equation that represents this?

A

Reff=Ro XS/N

54
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Percentage of individuals in a population who need to be immunised in order to achieve herd immunity varies and depends on such factors as the effectiveness of the vaccine and characteristics of the disease

55
Q

For a child who is immunosuppressed in a community, how can they be protected from a disease?

A

Herd immunity! Everyone around them is vaccinated.

Block 6; Week 1-Michelle (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions