Humanistic Approach.

Question 1

Humanistic Approach does not reject….

Answer 1

the psychodynamic approach but highlights some of its limitations.

Question 2

Humanistic approach….4 things to remember

Answer 2

the Here and Now “not prisoners of the past”

Conscious rather than unconscious

each person is responsible for their own outcomes

People are motivated to achieve. “ only through self improvement can one be truly happy”

Known as “3rd force” alongside Psychodynamic theory and Behaviourism

Question 3

CARL ROGERS

Answer 3

1902 - 1987

Client Centered approach

People are Basically GOOD

Question 4

what is the Phenomenological approach?

Answer 4

an approach which investigates people’s

Subjective
Conscious
Experiences

does not try to characterise the world of reality as it exists independent of the observer.

The reality of the environment depends on the individual’s perception of it

Question 5

Theory of Therapy is

Answer 5

focused on reality as experienced By the person

this is the Person Centred Approach.

Question 6

a Humanist View claims the all people are motivated towards positive personal growth. what two approaches disagree with this?

Answer 6

Religions such as Christianity believe people are sinful

Psychodynamic theory believes we are all born with sinful and sexual drives and urges.

Question 7

The Humanist Approach believes we become bad because…

Answer 7

we begin to distrust our inner feeling - we may have been told they are wrong.

if our inner experience does not match up with the external rules then we can lose touch with the inner growth process.

Question 8

humanist: people become bad through a ………. of inner feelings

Answer 8

distrust

Question 9

from a humanist stand point, alienation and Detachment mean

Answer 9

feeling that one’s experiences do not stem from our “true selves”

we tell our selves that other peoples desires are our own.

“living a lie!!”

Question 10

actual self is our ………… ideal self is ……..

Answer 10

self perception

who or what we would most like to be.

Question 11

what determines how we view our selves and thus our personality and behaviour.

Answer 11

the degree of CONGRUENCE between our actual selves and our ideal selves.

Question 12

self congruence is when the actual and ideal self are the same. this is is called when we ………. ………..

Answer 12

self actualise

Question 13

Incongruence of ideal and actual self can lead to

Answer 13

tension which can lead to MALADAPTIVE behaviours.

Question 14

people become congruent throughout early development if they are given

Answer 14

Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 15

when Unconditional Positive Regard is given through a persons early development they tend to be …..

Answer 15

Congruent

and are more likely to self actualise

Question 16

when a person is given Conditional Positive regard they tend to make

Answer 16

life decisions to please other/authority figures.

this leads them to feeling a disconnect between their own feelings and their life choices.

Question 17

Measuring Self Congruence.

Answer 17

Q sort technique.

–client sorts statements on cards like “very characteristic of me , through to not at all characteristic of me”

first they sort as a SELF SORT - how they see them selves

then they sort as IDEAL SORT - How they’d like to be

the CONGRUENCE between the two sorts is computed

• • discrepancy should decrease as client centred therapy progresses.

Question 18

Q sort technique.

Answer 18

–client sorts statements on cards like “very characteristic of me , through to not at all characteristic of me”

first they sort as a SELF SORT - how they see them selves

then they sort as IDEAL SORT - How they’d like to be

the CONGRUENCE between the two sorts is computed

• • discrepancy should decrease as client centred therapy progresses.

Question 19

Self Discrepancy Theory (who , what and when ??)

Answer 19

HIGGINS 1987

incongruence between the ACTUAL and IDEAL leads to - -

dejection related emotions, e.g. sadness, disappointment and dissatisfaction.

Incongruence between ACTUAL and OUGHT leads to - -

agitation related emotions e.g. anxiety and fear.

mmmmm think Higgins the pig is in 1987 defending numbers and in that year higgins the pig - its three years after 1984 so all the animals on animal farm have chilled out and done the self discrepancy theory test . higgins the pig has done well three years later. he actually ideally ought to have done well mmmmmmm

Question 20

Carl Roger’s distortion and denial.

Answer 20

Distortion occurs when the individual perceives a threat to their self-concept.

They distort the perception until it fits their self-concept.

Question 21

Subception is short for

Answer 21

subliminal perception.

in which a stimulus is experienced or responded to without being brought into awareness. According to Rogers, the mind applies unconscious strategies to protect the individual from a negative stimulus before it enters consciousness.

these help in denial (deny the experiences conscious expression) and distortion. (blame an outside force)

Question 22

CHODORKOFF - what did he say and when ?

Answer 22

1954

Participants were slower to perceive self-inconsistant words then they were to perceive neutral words, especially poorly adjusted individuals.

i.e. people have a better recall for self consistent over self-inconsistant words.

Question 23

people have a better recall for self consistent over self-inconsistant words.

Answer 23

CHODORKOFF 1954

mmmm think , people who are being tested in 1954 all wearing those pointy 50’s glasses they have been asked to perceive words in the test facility but hey also been asked to bring along a dork in the CHOw your DORK OFF activity. the dork can be wearing really 50s thick rimmed glasses and he is SLOWER TO PERCEIVE the non-dorky works

CHODORKOFF 1954

Question 24

CARTWRIGHT 1956

Answer 24

A person who perceived them selves friendly mistakenly recalled “hostile” as “hospitable”

this is an example of Distortion

Question 25

give an example of distortion in word recall

Answer 25

A person who perceived them selves friendly mistakenly recalled “hostile” as “hospitable”

CARTWRIGHT 1956

Question 26

we may have an inbuilt mechanism that defends our selves against………… ……………. that may lead us to perceive our selves as incongruent.

Answer 26

inconsistent information

Question 27

MARSHALL AND BROWN

Answer 27

2002

people with a low self esteem are less limey to change their moods when given an opportunity to do so.

Question 28

describe Marshall and browns experiment

Answer 28

1) a negative mood is induced experimentally,
2) Participants are given the choice of videos to watch , including a popular comedy.

3 Majority of High SE chose pop comedy

4 Minority of Low SE chose the popular comedy

results show that people with low SE are less motivated than people with High SE to REPAIR their MOODS

mmmmm think a brown marshal stack inviting sad and happy people to watch some videos after it has blasted them with some 2002 strokes rock guitar. .

Question 29

In 1961 Carl Rogers said…..

Answer 29

The directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life - the urge to expand extend , develop mature - the tendency express and activate all the capacities of the organism or the self.

Question 30

Fully Functioning Persons are people who….

Answer 30

1) AWARE of all experiences
2) Live fully in the MOMENT
3) trust their own behaviour and INSTINCTS
4) have a sense of FREEDOM in decision making

5 ) are creative and flexible to CHANGE

6) recognise that DIFFICULTIES will inevitably arise.

(smug gits!!)

Question 31

Rogers believed that social factors are more important than

Answer 31

biological factors in the development of the personality

Question 32

Person Centered therapy is when ( 5 things)

Answer 32

1) two people are in contact - a client and a therapist
2) one is congruent and one is incongruent
3) the therapist experiences Unconditional Positive Regard for the client

4)the therapist experiences Empathetic Understanding of the clients internal FRAME OR REFERENCE
and endeavours to communicate this to the client.

5)change must be CLIENT rather than therapist DRIVEN

Question 33

who did an experiment on Person Centered Therapy

Answer 33

BUTLER AND HAIGH (1954)

Question 34

what experiment did BUTLER AND HAIGH do , and when ?

Answer 34

In 1954 they tested the Hypothesis that person centred Therapy created a congruence between the ideal self and the actual self

using the Q sort cards

test completed before and after a group of clients experienced an average of 31 therapy sessions

before 0
after 0.34
6 months later 0.31

non distressed people who had not undergone therapy got a score of 0.58 on the congruency q sort test

result - it works

Question 35

Maslow said to understand people we must ……

Answer 35

understand where in the hierarchy their behaviour is organised.

Question 36

a person does not feel a higher need until

Answer 36

the needs of the current level have been satisfied.

Question 37

Maslow agreed with Rogers but believed we have a set of

Answer 37

“needs” which need to be met before we can “self actualise as set out in Rogers Theory.

Question 38

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 38

(up side down)

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

SAFETY NEEDS

BELONGING

ESTEEM

SELF ACTUALISATION

Question 39

BAUMEISTER + LEARY 1995

Answer 39

Conducted experimental and correlation and case studies in to finding empirical support for Maslows basic idea

result: A deficit in specific needs shown to be related to specific outcomes

people who feel they don’t belong report more negative affect lower self esteem and life satisfaction then those who feel sas if they belong

mmmmm think :a 95 who gets drunk and LEARY of ayeygermeister drink made of the BAU or bow of a tree really feels good about him self because he feels like he BELONGS in the bar and his self esteem is up

he is a drunk number 95 feeling good about him self. and Belonging!!!

Question 40

PERVIN AND CERONE IN 2007 SAID….

Answer 40

Self-actualisation is an ambiguous concept more POETIC than SCIENTIFIC.

Question 41

negative criticism of Humanistic theories. ;

Answer 41

1) ignors aspects of personality that clients may be unaware of - i.e. Freudian theory.
2) Overly optimistic view of human motivation.
3) Self-actualisation is an ambiguous concept more POETIC than SCIENTIFIC. (PERVIN AND CERONE IN 2007)

Question 42

positive criticism of Humanistic theories. ;

Answer 42

They provide hypothesis that can be tested.

ie, BUTLER AND HAIGH in 1954