Humanistic Approach. Flashcards
Humanistic Approach does not reject….
the psychodynamic approach but highlights some of its limitations.
Humanistic approach….4 things to remember
the Here and Now “not prisoners of the past”
Conscious rather than unconscious
each person is responsible for their own outcomes
People are motivated to achieve. “ only through self improvement can one be truly happy”
Known as “3rd force” alongside Psychodynamic theory and Behaviourism
CARL ROGERS
1902 - 1987
Client Centered approach
People are Basically GOOD
what is the Phenomenological approach?
an approach which investigates people’s
Subjective
Conscious
Experiences
does not try to characterise the world of reality as it exists independent of the observer.
The reality of the environment depends on the individual’s perception of it
Theory of Therapy is
focused on reality as experienced By the person
this is the Person Centred Approach.
a Humanist View claims the all people are motivated towards positive personal growth. what two approaches disagree with this?
Religions such as Christianity believe people are sinful
Psychodynamic theory believes we are all born with sinful and sexual drives and urges.
The Humanist Approach believes we become bad because…
we begin to distrust our inner feeling - we may have been told they are wrong.
if our inner experience does not match up with the external rules then we can lose touch with the inner growth process.
humanist: people become bad through a ………. of inner feelings
distrust
from a humanist stand point, alienation and Detachment mean
feeling that one’s experiences do not stem from our “true selves”
we tell our selves that other peoples desires are our own.
“living a lie!!”
actual self is our ………… ideal self is ……..
self perception
who or what we would most like to be.
what determines how we view our selves and thus our personality and behaviour.
the degree of CONGRUENCE between our actual selves and our ideal selves.
self congruence is when the actual and ideal self are the same. this is is called when we ………. ………..
self actualise
Incongruence of ideal and actual self can lead to
tension which can lead to MALADAPTIVE behaviours.
people become congruent throughout early development if they are given
Unconditional Positive Regard
when Unconditional Positive Regard is given through a persons early development they tend to be …..
Congruent
and are more likely to self actualise
when a person is given Conditional Positive regard they tend to make
life decisions to please other/authority figures.
this leads them to feeling a disconnect between their own feelings and their life choices.
Measuring Self Congruence.
Q sort technique.
–client sorts statements on cards like “very characteristic of me , through to not at all characteristic of me”
first they sort as a SELF SORT - how they see them selves
then they sort as IDEAL SORT - How they’d like to be
the CONGRUENCE between the two sorts is computed
- discrepancy should decrease as client centred therapy progresses.
Q sort technique.
–client sorts statements on cards like “very characteristic of me , through to not at all characteristic of me”
first they sort as a SELF SORT - how they see them selves
then they sort as IDEAL SORT - How they’d like to be
the CONGRUENCE between the two sorts is computed
- discrepancy should decrease as client centred therapy progresses.
Self Discrepancy Theory (who , what and when ??)
HIGGINS 1987
incongruence between the ACTUAL and IDEAL leads to - -
dejection related emotions, e.g. sadness, disappointment and dissatisfaction.
Incongruence between ACTUAL and OUGHT leads to - -
agitation related emotions e.g. anxiety and fear.
mmmmm think Higgins the pig is in 1987 defending numbers and in that year higgins the pig - its three years after 1984 so all the animals on animal farm have chilled out and done the self discrepancy theory test . higgins the pig has done well three years later. he actually ideally ought to have done well mmmmmmm
Carl Roger’s distortion and denial.
Distortion occurs when the individual perceives a threat to their self-concept.
They distort the perception until it fits their self-concept.
Subception is short for
subliminal perception.
in which a stimulus is experienced or responded to without being brought into awareness. According to Rogers, the mind applies unconscious strategies to protect the individual from a negative stimulus before it enters consciousness.
these help in denial (deny the experiences conscious expression) and distortion. (blame an outside force)
CHODORKOFF - what did he say and when ?
1954
Participants were slower to perceive self-inconsistant words then they were to perceive neutral words, especially poorly adjusted individuals.
i.e. people have a better recall for self consistent over self-inconsistant words.
people have a better recall for self consistent over self-inconsistant words.
CHODORKOFF 1954
mmmm think , people who are being tested in 1954 all wearing those pointy 50’s glasses they have been asked to perceive words in the test facility but hey also been asked to bring along a dork in the CHOw your DORK OFF activity. the dork can be wearing really 50s thick rimmed glasses and he is SLOWER TO PERCEIVE the non-dorky works
CHODORKOFF 1954
CARTWRIGHT 1956
A person who perceived them selves friendly mistakenly recalled “hostile” as “hospitable”
this is an example of Distortion
give an example of distortion in word recall
A person who perceived them selves friendly mistakenly recalled “hostile” as “hospitable”
CARTWRIGHT 1956
we may have an inbuilt mechanism that defends our selves against………… ……………. that may lead us to perceive our selves as incongruent.
inconsistent information
MARSHALL AND BROWN
2002
people with a low self esteem are less limey to change their moods when given an opportunity to do so.
describe Marshall and browns experiment
1) a negative mood is induced experimentally,
2) Participants are given the choice of videos to watch , including a popular comedy.
3 Majority of High SE chose pop comedy
4 Minority of Low SE chose the popular comedy
results show that people with low SE are less motivated than people with High SE to REPAIR their MOODS
mmmmm think a brown marshal stack inviting sad and happy people to watch some videos after it has blasted them with some 2002 strokes rock guitar. .
In 1961 Carl Rogers said…..
The directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life - the urge to expand extend , develop mature - the tendency express and activate all the capacities of the organism or the self.
Fully Functioning Persons are people who….
1) AWARE of all experiences
2) Live fully in the MOMENT
3) trust their own behaviour and INSTINCTS
4) have a sense of FREEDOM in decision making
5 ) are creative and flexible to CHANGE
6) recognise that DIFFICULTIES will inevitably arise.
(smug gits!!)
Rogers believed that social factors are more important than
biological factors in the development of the personality
Person Centered therapy is when ( 5 things)
1) two people are in contact - a client and a therapist
2) one is congruent and one is incongruent
3) the therapist experiences Unconditional Positive Regard for the client
4)the therapist experiences Empathetic Understanding of the clients internal FRAME OR REFERENCE
and endeavours to communicate this to the client.
5)change must be CLIENT rather than therapist DRIVEN
who did an experiment on Person Centered Therapy
BUTLER AND HAIGH (1954)
what experiment did BUTLER AND HAIGH do , and when ?
In 1954 they tested the Hypothesis that person centred Therapy created a congruence between the ideal self and the actual self
using the Q sort cards
test completed before and after a group of clients experienced an average of 31 therapy sessions
before 0
after 0.34
6 months later 0.31
non distressed people who had not undergone therapy got a score of 0.58 on the congruency q sort test
result - it works
Maslow said to understand people we must ……
understand where in the hierarchy their behaviour is organised.
a person does not feel a higher need until
the needs of the current level have been satisfied.
Maslow agreed with Rogers but believed we have a set of
“needs” which need to be met before we can “self actualise as set out in Rogers Theory.
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
(up side down)
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
BELONGING
ESTEEM
SELF ACTUALISATION
BAUMEISTER + LEARY 1995
Conducted experimental and correlation and case studies in to finding empirical support for Maslows basic idea
result: A deficit in specific needs shown to be related to specific outcomes
people who feel they don’t belong report more negative affect lower self esteem and life satisfaction then those who feel sas if they belong
mmmmm think :a 95 who gets drunk and LEARY of ayeygermeister drink made of the BAU or bow of a tree really feels good about him self because he feels like he BELONGS in the bar and his self esteem is up
he is a drunk number 95 feeling good about him self. and Belonging!!!
PERVIN AND CERONE IN 2007 SAID….
Self-actualisation is an ambiguous concept more POETIC than SCIENTIFIC.
negative criticism of Humanistic theories. ;
1) ignors aspects of personality that clients may be unaware of - i.e. Freudian theory.
2) Overly optimistic view of human motivation.
3) Self-actualisation is an ambiguous concept more POETIC than SCIENTIFIC. (PERVIN AND CERONE IN 2007)
positive criticism of Humanistic theories. ;
They provide hypothesis that can be tested.
ie, BUTLER AND HAIGH in 1954
