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A-Level Psychology Paper 2 > Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

Humanistic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the humanistic approach?

A

Maslow

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2
Q

Which approach was the humanistic approach in response to?

A

The behaviourist approach

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3
Q

What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A
  1. Humans have free will
  2. Everyone is unique and should be viewed holistically
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4
Q

Outline how free will can link to behaviour.

A

The humanistic approach views behaviour as a choice, rather than a response to a stimulus, (as stated in the behaviourist approach)
* This means that our behaviour is not environmentally or biologically determined

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5
Q

Does the humanistic approach believe that we can generalise the results of experiments?

A

No, because it believes that all people are unique

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6
Q

Does the humanistic approach believe we should reject the scientific method?

A
  • Yes
  • This is because, the humanistic approach says that Psychology must focus on what makes us human, which cannot be done through the scientific method
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7
Q

What are the different kinds of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  • Physiological needs
  • Safety needs
  • Love and belonging
  • Esteem
  • Self actualisation
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8
Q

Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A
  • Maslow believed that all humans had a hierarchy of needs
  • And that once you progressed through one stage, you move on to the next
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9
Q

Give 3 examples of physiological needs according to Maslow.

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • Warmth
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10
Q

Give 2 examples of safety needs according to Maslow.

A
  • Safety
  • Security
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11
Q

Give 2 examples of love and belonging according to Maslow.

A
  • Intimate relationships
  • Friends
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12
Q

What is the primary example of esteem needs according to Maslow?

A

The feeling of accomplishment

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13
Q

Self-actualisation

It has two differenment meanings

Give them both + Say which researchers the meanings correlate with

A
  1. To Maslow self-actualisation refers to fufiling our human potential and reaching the highest level of the hierarchy of needs
  2. To Rogers, self-actualisation refers to when our self-concept is congruent with our ideal self, because we have no conditions of worth
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14
Q

Give an example of something humans desire in order to achieve self-actualisation.

A

Knowledge/Education

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15
Q

What are the three broad types of needs outlined in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. Basic needs
  2. Psychological needs
  3. Self-fulfillment needs
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16
Q

What type of needs are physiological and safety?

A

Basic needs

17
Q

What type of needs are love, beloning and esteem?

A

Psychological needs

18
Q

What type of needs are ones which allow us to self-actualise?

A

Self-fulfillment needs

19
Q

Outline the theory of self.

A
  • Self-concept = What you think of yourself
  • Real self = What others think of you
  • Ideal self = Who you would like to become

Rogers believed that if someone’s self-concept was congruent with their ideal self then an individual would feel fufilled and self-actualised

20
Q

Who came up with the theory of the self?

A

Rogers

21
Q

If a person’s self-concept doesn’t match their ideal self, then what may they benefit from?

A

Humanistic counselling

22
Q

What were Rogers beliefs on conditions of worth?

A
  • Rogers believed that if you had conditions of worth would prevent someone’s self-concept from being congruent with their ideal self
23
Q

Conditions of worth

A

Things that we think we need to change or achieve in order to have self-worth

24
Q

What is one of the main features of humanistic counselling?

A

Unconditional positive regard

25
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

The process by which humanistic counsellors remove a clients conditions of worth, allowing their self-concept to become congruent with their ideal self
(Meaning that they can self-actualise)

26
Q

What things would you include in a 16 marker on the humanistic approach?

Be very broard

A
  • Humans have free will
  • Everyone is unique
  • How it rejects the scientific method
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
  • Rogers’ theory of the self + conditions of worth
  • How humanistic counselling can remove conditions of worth, allowing people self-actualise according to Roger
27
Q

Referring to two assumptions of the humanistic approach, explain why humanistic psychologists have rejected the scientific method. [4 marks]

A

All humans are unique and should be viewed holistically
* Scientific explanations often try to reduce behaviour down to single variables *Scientific method tries to be reductionist
* If humanists believe we should be viewed holistically then the scientific method is not suitable - Doesn’t account for dispositional variables

Humans have free will
* If humans have freedom to make choices then we cannot simply predict behaviour or why behaviour occurs
* Some experiments try to do this by establishing cause-and-effect relationships

28
Q

What are the evaluation points for the humanistic approach?

A

Strengths
* Positive applications towards therapy
* Unique approach, as it adopts holism, unlike the cognitive, biological and psychodynamic approach
Limitations
* Unscientific approach
* It doesn’t account for biological factors, which could influence behaviour

29
Q

AO3 - Unscientific Approach - Limitation

A
  • Based on vague and abstract concepts that cannot be studied scientifically
  • Ex: Self-actualisation is not a dependent variable which can be operationalised, meaning it can’t be studied using the scientific method
  • Concepts are unfalsifiable, (Popper’s hypothetico-deductive model of science)
30
Q

AO3 - Doesn’t account for biological factors influencing behaviour - Limitation

A
  • Can be linked to being holistic
  • The more holistic the approach is the more factors it will include
  • This can lead to less emphasis being placed on each reductionist explanation - (As all of them are being considered holistically)
  • Due to the limited emphasis on biological factors, the approach is unlikely to have applications to treating disorders caused by biological factors, (Ex: OCD)
31
Q

AO3 - Unique due to holism - Strength

A
  • Humistic approach is holistic
  • Cognitive, biological and psychodynamic approaches are all reductionist
  • Humanistic approach therefore provides a more refreshing and innovative approach to explaining behaviour

+ Statistically - The more factors considered, the more chance that the approach will be able to accurately explain behaviour

32
Q

AO3 - Practical applications to therapy - Strength

A
  • Rogers’ client-centred therapy and humanistic counselling have had positive impacts on Psychology
  • They have, (using unconditional positive regard), removed pateitns conditions of worth, allowing them to self-actualise
  • Humanistic counselling emphasises that behaviour is down to free will
  • This matters, because it can make patients feel optimistic about changing bad behaviours and self-actualising as they know behaviour is not environmentally or biologically determined

A-Level Psychology Paper 2 (6 decks)

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