Humanism

Question 1

acceptance

Answer 1

A nonjudgmental recognition of oneself, others, and the world.

Question 2

B-needs

Answer 2

Maslow’s term for being needs that arise out of the organism’s drive to self-actualize and fulfill its inherent potential.

Question 3

client-centered therapy

Answer 3

A therapeutic technique developed by Rogers that focuses attention on the person seeking help.

Question 4

conditional positive regard

Answer 4

In Rogers’s theory, positive regard that is given only under certain circumstances.

Question 5

conditions of worth

Answer 5

In Rogers’s theory, stipulations imposed by other people indicating when an individual will be given positive regard.

Question 6

congruence

Answer 6

In Rogers’s theory, the state of harmony that exists when a person’s symbolized experiences reflect all the actual experiences of his or her organism.

Question 7

evaluative response

Answer 7

In Rogers’s theory, a response that places a value judgment on thoughts, feelings, wishes, or behavior.

Question 8

flow

Answer 8

A state of oneness with the activity and situation at hand, entailing heightened focus, productivity, and happiness.

Question 9

fully functioning person

Answer 9

A term used by Rogers to indicate an individual who is functioning at an optimum level.

Question 10

genuineness

Answer 10

A therapist’s attitude characterized by congruence and awareness in the therapeutic relationship.

Question 11

hierarchy of needs

Answer 11

Maslow’s theory of five basic needs ranked in order of strength: physiological, safety, belonging and love, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 12

incongruence

Answer 12

In Rogers’s theory, the lack of harmony that results when a person’s symbolized experiences do not represent the actual experiences.

Question 13

interpretative response

Answer 13

In Rogers’s theory, a response that seeks to interpret a speaker’s problem or tell how the speaker feels about it.

Question 14

metamotivation

Answer 14

Maslow’s term for growth tendencies within the organism.

Question 15

motivation

Answer 15

Maslow’s term for the reduction of tension by satisfying deficit states or lacks.

Question 16

nondirective therapy

Answer 16

Rogers’s term for therapies whose course is primarily determined by the patient.

Question 17

organismic valuing process

Answer 17

In Rogers’s theory, a subconscious natural phenomenon that guides an individual toward productive growth experiences.

Question 18

peak experience

Answer 18

In Maslow’s theory, an intensified experience in which there is a loss of self or transcendence of self.

Question 19

PERMA

Answer 19

In positive psychology, five building blocks of a fulfilling life: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.

Question 20

person-centered psychotherapy

Answer 20

The most recent name for Rogers’s method of psychotherapy.

Question 21

phenomenal field

Answer 21

In Rogers’s theory, the total sum of experiences an organism has.

Question 22

phenomenology

Answer 22

The study of phenomena or appearances.

Question 23

positive regard

Answer 23

In Rogers’s theory, being loved and accepted for who one is.

Question 24

positive self-regard

Answer 24

In Rogers’s theory, viewing the self favorably and with acceptance.

Question 25

probing response

Answer 25

In Rogers’s theory, a response that seeks further information.

Question 26

Q-sort technique

Answer 26

A card-sorting technique employed by Rogers for studying the self-concept.

Question 27

reassuring response

Answer 27

In Rogers’s theory, a response that attempts to soothe feelings.

Question 28

reconstructive (or intensive) psychotherapy

Answer 28

Therapeutic methods that seek to remove defenses and reorganize the basic personality structure.

Question 29

reflective response

Answer 29

In Rogers’s theory, a response that seeks to capture the underlying feeling expressed.

Question 30

self-actualization

Answer 30

In the theories of Rogers and Maslow, a dynamic within the organism leading it to actualize, fulfill, and enhance its inherent potentialities.

Question 31

self-concept

Answer 31

In Rogers’s theory, a portion of the phenomenal field that has become differentiated and is composed of perceptions and values of “I” or “me.”

Question 32

supportive psychotherapy

Answer 32

Therapeutic measures that seek to strengthen adaptive instincts and defenses without necessarily tampering with the underlying personality structure.

Question 33

transpersonal psychology

Answer 33

A branch of psychology that studies the transcendent or spiritual dimensions of persons.

Question 34

unconditional positive regard

Answer 34

In Rogers’s theory, positive regard that is not contingent on any specific behaviors.

Question 35

Explain why Maslow has been called the father of humanistic psychology

Answer 35

He criticized psychoanalysis for being pessimistic and negative, and behaviour and learning theories for being mechanistic

Question 36

Distinguish between motivation, metamotivation, D-needs, and B-needs, and indicate the importance of these dimensions

Answer 36

Maslow distinguished between motivation and metamotivation which entail D-needs and B-needs, respectively. Motivation and the D-needs take precedence over metamotivation and the B-needs

Question 37

Describe the main needs in Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

Answer 37

Includes psychological, safety, belonging and love, self esteem, and self-actualization

Question 38

Explain how Maslow defined and studied self-actualized persons, identify the key dimensions of self-actualized persons, and explain what peak experience is.

Answer 38

They fulfill themselves and do the best they are capable of doing. Key characteristics are awareness, honesty, freedom, and trust. Peak experience entails a transcendence of self

Question 39

Describe research in Maslow’s theory

Answer 39

Hierarchy of needs informs Deci and Ryan’s self determination theory and continues to provoke other research and application.

Question 40

Describe some criticisms of Maslow’s portrait of the self-actualized person

Answer 40

Some critics suggest that picture of self-actualized person is simplistic and neglects the hard work that is involved in growth and development. Others suggest it is based on American values and a Western male paradigm of individual achievement.

Question 41

Evaluate Maslow’s theory from the viewpoint of philosophy, science, and art

Answer 41

Points in a direction away from pure science. His work underscores the fact that rigorous scientific procedures may not encompass or permit research into important human questions.

Question 42

Explain the following concepts in Roger’s theory: phenomenal field, actualization, organism, and self. Explain how emotions affect the process of self-actualization.

Answer 42

His humanist theory is influenced by phenomenology, which emphasizes that what is important is not an object or event in itself but how it is perceived. In psychology this means an emphasis on human awareness and the conviction that the best vantage point for understanding an individual is that of the individual themselves. The phenomenal field is the total sum of experiences an organism has; the organism is the individual as a process; the self is a concept of who one is. Self-actualization is the dynamic within the organism leading it to actualize, fulfill and enhance its potentials. Emotions accompany and facilitate the process of actualization. Fully experiencing emotions facilitates growth, and repression is unnecessary.

Question 43

Explain what Rogers means by congruence and incongruence and describe the effect of denial and distortion

Answer 43

Congruence exists when a person’s symbolized experiences reflect actual experiences. The pressure of denial or distortion in the symbolization leads to incongruence.

Question 44

Discuss what Rogers meant by unconditional and conditional positive regard, and explain their roles in influencing personality development

Answer 44

The young child has a strong need for positive regard. Ideally, positive regard is unconditional. If it is contingent on specific behaviours, it is conditional positive regard and posits conditions of worth that may lead a child to introject the values of others and experience incongruence.

Question 45

Describe the 3 therapist attitudes that Rogers believed would lead to client change

Answer 45

Rogers is best know for person-centred therapy. The 3 attitudes on the part of the therapist that he thought were necessary and sufficient for change are: empathy, acceptance, and genuineness

Question 46

Identify Roger’s five responses to emotional communications

Answer 46

Evaluative, interpretative, reassuring, probing, and reflective responses. Each has different effects. Rogers encouraged the cultivation of reflective responses

Question 47

Discuss person-centred psychotherapy, describing its supportive character, changes in Roger’s conception of it, and efforts at empirical validation.

Answer 47

Supportive rather than reconstructive. In his later writings Rogers stressed the need for the therapist to be present as a person in the relationship and showed more interest in group counselling and social change. He encourages the empirical test of his theories and developed methods of assessing and predicting therapeutic change.

Question 48

Evaluate Roger’s theory from the viewpoints of philosophy, science, and art

Answer 48

Rogers was very careful to distinguish between his philosophical assumptions and his scientific hypothesis. He criticized Skinner’s view of science and his goal of controlling human nature rather than increasing human freedom, responsibility, and spontaneity. He pointed out that technology may be used to foster many different goals. His position has been criticized for its reliance on simplistic phenomenology and for being highly culture-bound. It has been praised for increasing understanding of interpersonal relationships. Rogers careful empirical study of the therapeutic process has shed considerable light on the phenomenon of therapy and counselling.

Question 49

Describe the focus of positive psychology

Answer 49

seeks to study and understand the complex positive behaviour of people in order to emphasize the systematic building and amplifying of human strengths and virtues

Question 50

Discuss the topics of interest in transpersonal psychology

Answer 50

Concerned with those states and processes in which people experience a deeper or wider sense of who they are and a sense of greater connectedness with others, mature, and a ‘spiritual’ dimension.