Cognitive and Cognitive Behaviourism

Question 1

agentic perspective

Answer 1

Bandura’s view of persons as agents of experience.

Question 2

behavior modification

Answer 2

A form of therapy that applies the principles of learning to achieve changes in behavior.

Question 3

behavior potential

Answer 3

In Rotter’s theory, a variable that refers to the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a given situation.

Question 4

behavioral signature

Answer 4

In Mischel’s theory, personality consistencies found in distinctive and stable IF-THEN patterns of variability across situations.

Question 5

behavioral specificity

Answer 5

Michel’s view that an individual’s behavior is influenced by the specific situation.

Question 6

CAPS

Answer 6

Acronym for Mischel and Shoda’s cognitive-affective system theory of personality.

Question 7

expectancy

Answer 7

In Rotter’s theory, the individual’s subjective expectation about the outcome of his or her behavior.

Question 8

I-E Scale

Answer 8

An assessment tool developed by Rotter that measures an individual’s perception of control.

Question 9

locus of control

Answer 9

In Rotter’s theory, the extent to which a person believes that reinforcements are controlled by his or her own behavior (internal locus) or by other people or outside forces (external locus).

Question 10

moral disengagement

Answer 10

In Bandura’s theory, practices that permits individuals and institutions to perpetuate and encourage violence and other inhumane activities while justifying and exonerating their behavior.

Question 11

observational learning

Answer 11

In Bandura’s theory, learning that occurs through observation without any direct reinforcement.

Question 12

psychological situation

Answer 12

The psychological context within which an organism responds.

Question 13

reinforcement value

Answer 13

In Rotter’s theory, a variable that indicates the importance or preference of a particular reinforcement for an individual.

Question 14

self-efficacy

Answer 14

In Bandura’s theory, a person’s perception of his or her effectiveness.

Question 15

self-regulation

Answer 15

In Bandura’s theory, the influencing of one’s own behavior.

Question 16

triadic reciprocal causation

Answer 16

In Bandura’s theory, the regulation of behavior by an interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Question 17

cognitive complexity

Answer 17

The ability to perceive differences in the way in which one construes other people.

Question 18

constructive alternativism

Answer 18

In Kelly’s theory, the assumption that any one event is open to a variety of interpretations.

Question 19

corollaries

Answer 19

In Kelly’s theory, eleven statements that elaborate on the fundamental postulate.

Question 20

personal construct

Answer 20

In Kelly’s theory, a hypothesis an individual forms in order to predict and control events, which makes the world meaningful and which is tested by later experience.

Question 21

personal construct theory

Answer 21

George Kelly’s theory of personality.

Question 22

Rep Test

Answer 22

Role Construct Repertory Test: a device developed by Kelly to reveal personal constructs by comparing and contrasting a number of significant persons in one’s life.

Question 23

role

Answer 23

In social psychology, a set of behavioral expectations set forth by a particular society and fulfilled by its members. In Kelly’s theory, a process or behavior that people engage in based on their understanding of the behavior and constructs of others.

Question 24

role-playing

Answer 24

A therapeutic technique in Kelly and Beck’s therapy, in which clients are asked to rehearse situations that will later happen in real life.

Question 25

self-construct

Answer 25

In Kelly’s theory, perception of similarities in one’s behavior based on role relationships with other people.

Question 26

Explain why an agentic perspective emerges in Bandura's theory, and describe what human agency entails.

Answer 26

bandura introduces an agentic perspective to clarify that people actively contribute to their experience. Human agency entails intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness

Question 27

Explain what Bandura means by triadic reciprocal causation, and identify what three factors that enter into it.

Answer 27

Bandura suggests that the interplay of three factors - personal determinants, behavioural determinants, and environmental determinants - shapes human behaviour. Triadic reciprocal causation is the name for this idea.

Question 28

Describe observational learning by identifying three factors that influence modelling, four processes that enter into observational learning, and the role of reinforcement in observational learning.

Answer 28

Bandura believes that most human behaviour is learned though observation and modelling. Three factors that influence modelling are characteristics of the model attributes of the observer, and reward consequences associated with the behaviour. Four processes that enter into observational learning are attentional processes, retentional process, motor reproduction processes, and motivational processes. Extrinsic, intrinsic, vicarious, and self-reinforcement all play a role in observational learning.

Question 29

Explain what is meant by self regulation

Answer 29

Self-regulation is influencing one's own behaviour. It entails slef-monitoring, self-judgement, and affective self-reaction

Question 30

Discuss Bandura's contributions to the discussion of aggression, inhumane behaviour, and moral disengagement.

Answer 30

Bandura believes that frequent exposure to aggression and violence in the media encourages people to behave aggressively. He explores how moral disengagement permits individuals and institutions to continue inhumane behaviours.

Question 31

Explain the concept of self efficacy

Answer 31

Self-efficacy refers to people's beliefs that they can successfully perform behaviours that will produce desired effects.

Question 32

Describe Bandura's contributions to behavioural modification

Answer 32

Bandura added the systematic use of modelling as a therapeutic technique of behaviour modification, he developed a strategies designed to help people improve their sense of self efficacy and encourages use of sophisticated new technology and social media to model behaviour

Question 33

Evaluate Bandura's theory from the perspective of a philosophy, science, and art.

Answer 33

Bandura's model clearly emulates a scientific model

Question 34

Describe Rotter's I-E Scale, and discuss the construct it measures and the findings to which it has led

Answer 34

Developed to measure internal versus external control of reinforcement. The scale has been widely used in research and has led to a number of significant findings.

Question 35

Describe the 4 variables that Rotter includes in his formula for predicting behaviour

Answer 35

The 4 variables are behaviour potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological situation. they can be measured and related in a specific formula that enables us to predict a person's behaviour in any given situation.

Question 36

Discuss Mischels initial work on behavioural specificity

Answer 36

Indicated an individual's behaviour is determined by the situation.

Question 37

Describe the cognitive-affective system theory of personality known as CAPS

Answer 37

Personality is a stable system that mediates the selection, construction, and processing of information that generates behaviour. One's behavioural signature is the personality consistencies found in distinctive and stable patterns of variability across situations.

Question 38

Discuss the follow-up studies of Mischel's experiments in delay of gratification.

Answer 38

Demonstrate a biological basis for self regulation and delay of gratification.

Question 39

Explain why Kelly suggested that we view ourselves as scientists.

Answer 39

Because, in our efforts to understand the world we develop personal constructs that act as hypothesis that make the world meaningful to us.

Question 40

Describe the philosophical position of constructive alternativism

Answer 40

the assumption that any one event is open to a number of interpretations.

Question 41

Discuss Kelly's fundamental postulate, and identify eleven corollaries that support it

Answer 41

"a person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events" Kelly elaborates on his fundamental postulate with eleven corollaries: construction, individuality, organization, dichotomy, choice, range, experience, modulation, fragmentation, communality, and sociality.

Question 42

Explain how Kelly re-conceived traditional concepts in personality theorizing

Answer 42

Kelly gave new meaning to many traditional concepts of personality theorizing including self-construct, role, learning, motivation, and emotion.

Question 43

Describe the REP test

Answer 43

Kelly developed the REP test, which permits a person to reveal his or her constructs by comparing and contrasting a number of different persons in his or her own life.

Question 44

Discuss Kelly's view of and contributions to psychotherapy

Answer 44

Sought to help his patients reconstrue the world by first elaborating the complaint and then elaborating the construct system. His unique contribution was that of role playing.

Question 45

Identify some of the criticisms of Kelly's theory

Answer 45

Being too intellectual and for failing to deal with the whole of personality or the emotions

Question 46

Evaluate Kelly's theory from the viewpoint of philosophy, science, and art.

Answer 46

The way in which we validate personal constructs involves philosophical insights as well as scientific methods.