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Human - Urban Environmnets Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Urbanisation.

A

The process whereby the proportion of people living in towns and cities increases.

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2
Q

What is the difference between urbanisation and urban growth?

A

Urbanisation = Proportional/relative increase

Urban growth= Absolute increase

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3
Q

What is a millionaire city?

A

A city with a population in excess of 1 million people

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4
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of over 10 million people (can incorporate surrounding metropolitan areas)

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5
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city which has a ‘global’ influence - a financial, trade, political and cultural hub.

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of world cities.

A

London, New York and Tokyo

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7
Q

What is an issue surrounding the classification of urban dwellers?

A
  • Census data varies between countries (sampling times)
  • The area covered by a city is often undefined/debateable.
  • The definition of what constitutes an urban area or population varies, in India ‘rural’ means 5000 people/km
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8
Q

Where is the majority of urbanisation currently occurring?

A

Africa and Asia at an increasing rate

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9
Q

In what type of settlement is the majority of urbanisation currently taking place?

A

Large towns and small cities in both HICs and LICs. Not big cities…

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10
Q

What is urbanism?

A

A way of life or culture present in urban areas. Can happen anywhere on earth.

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11
Q

If census data from countries is inaccurate, how do we know that urbanisation is happening?

A
  • Satellite images show area covered is increasing

- Visits to urban areas worldwide have shown pop density increase

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12
Q

True or false?

The majority of the world lives in cities.

A

FALSE

The majority live in urban areas - not necessarily cities.

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13
Q

When did the global urban population exceed the rural population?

A

2008

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14
Q

When did urban growth in MICs/LICs begin to accelerate?

A

1970s

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15
Q

Which country has the most megacities?

A

China

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16
Q

How do urban areas shape lives?

A
  • Organisation of economic production (Financial services)
  • Exchange of ideas (universities)
  • Social and cultural centres (theatres, stadiums)
  • Centres of political power (seat of local/national gov.)
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17
Q

What percentage of UK population live in urban areas?

A

80%

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18
Q

What are some misconceptions about urbanisation?

A
  1. Only occurs in cities

2. It is a modern phenomenon (actually been occuring for 1000s of years)

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19
Q

What are the two main causes of urban growth?

A
  1. Natural increase

2. Rural-urban migration

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20
Q

Why does natural population growth occur more in urban areas than elsewhere?

A

More young people in cities

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21
Q

Name 4 push factors.

A
  1. Agricultural issues in rural areas, blights + desertification
  2. Wars and civil strikes
  3. Lack of services (doctors, transport, rural deprivation)
  4. Natural disasters/ acute shocks
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22
Q

Name 4 pull factors.

A
  1. Better services, importantly in close proximity
  2. Wider variety of employment opportunities
  3. Perception of a better life quality, ‘bright light syndrome’
  4. More entertainment with theatres etc.
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23
Q

What happens to the economy (sectors) as urbanisation increases over time?

A
  • Primary decreases (less arable land etc)
  • Secondary increases and decreases, latter due to deindustrialisation
  • Tertiary increases and then more Quaternary too
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24
Q

Define urban sprawl.

A

The spread of urban areas into surrounding countryside in an uncontrolled and unplanned fashion

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25
Q

What are some problems associated with urban sprawl (link to urban issues).

A
  • More infrastructure required
  • Decentralisation of CBD, doughnut cities
  • Habitat loss
  • Commuting distance increases
  • Water supplies affected, more runoff + contamination
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26
Q

How much water in pipe systems in India reaches slums?

A

Only 5% the required amount

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27
Q

By how much did house prices in London increase 2010-2015?

A

50% increase

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28
Q

What is underemployment?

A

Being in a job which is inadiquately paid or too ‘easy’

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29
Q

What is a major issue with urban housing in LICs?

A

Homes are being built on informal land which is prone to floods or landslides. (Favellas)

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30
Q

What is the estimated number of sum dwellers?

A

1 billion (although extrapolated)

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31
Q

What was the traditional way of ‘improving’ slums?

A

Slum clearance and eradication

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32
Q

What is a new technique used to improve slums?

A

Slum upgrading programmes, partnering with NGOs. Focuses on securing citizenship, rights and providing utilities.

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33
Q

Define suburbanisation.

A

The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to living on outer edges.
More common in HICs because of better transport networks and more private cars.

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34
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Undeveloped countryside areas previously never built on

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35
Q

Why are suburbs more popular with families?

A
  • Quiet
  • Less pollution
  • Closer to the countryside for recreation
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36
Q

When were green belts created in the UK? Why?

A

1940s. To restrict the urban sprawl of cities into the countryside

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37
Q

Name a social problem associated with suburbanisation.

A

More social segregation because wealthy can afford to live in the suburbs whilst the poor cannot. A major issue in US cities

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38
Q

Name an economic impact of suburbanisation.

A

Funding and industries leave the city centre to the suburbs. Leaves an empty city centre

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39
Q

What is an example of suburbanisation?

A

Los Angeles

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40
Q

How many people live in the ‘San-San corridor’?

A

24 million

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41
Q

Why did LA grow?

A
  • Trans-continental railway 1876
  • Oil discovery
  • Ford Manufacturing plant
  • Film industry in Hollywood
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42
Q

How many people use cars to commute in LA?

A

70%

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43
Q

Name 3 causes of suburbanisation in LA.

A
  1. Telecommunications allow people to work at home
  2. More high-tech industry employees can work at home
  3. High car ownership gives residents a choice of where to live
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44
Q

What has happened to LA’s layout?

A

Turned into a donut city following suburbanisation, with socioeconomic consequences

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45
Q

What are some other problems (besides suburbanisation) in LA?

A
  • Water has to be pumped in 350km and domestic usage in swimming pools etc is increasing
  • 50% of imported water evaporates en-route
  • 50k tonnes waste produced/day
  • Use of air cons has caused blackouts +ve feedback too
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46
Q

Define counter-urbanisation.

A

The migration of people from major urban areas to smaller urban settlements (but not really remote areas)

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47
Q

Define gentrification

A

The renewal of an area leading to an influx of affluent people

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48
Q

Why do people leave cities?

A
  • Cleaner environment
  • Better quality of life
  • Less crime
  • Commuting into cities is easier
  • Internet has improved
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49
Q

What piece of legislation encouraged counter-urbanisation?

A

1946 New Towns Act

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50
Q

Name 3 new towns.

A
  • Milton Keynes
  • Biggleswade
  • St. Ives
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51
Q

What was the original intention for the function of new towns?

A

To employ local people in new local industries.

Instead New Towns have become commuter towns.

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52
Q

What are some problems with counter-urbanisation?

A
  • Over-reliance on cities means that busses are less frequently used etc.
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53
Q

What was the population of St Ives in 1960? What about 2010?

A

1960: 3,800
2010: 16,400

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54
Q

What proportion of the St Ives population commute into London?

A

25%.

Likely to be much higher if Cambridge commuters are also accounted for.

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55
Q

Give a social issue of counter-urbanisation in St Ives.

A
  • House prices have risen by 120% between 2000-2010

- Also pressure on schools

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56
Q

Give an environmental issue of counter-urbanisation in St Ives.

A

1000 properties are at risk of flooding from the River Ouse. Flooding occurred in 1998 and 2003

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57
Q

Give an economic issue of counter-urbanisation in St Ives.

A

Commuting by car has caused congestion which delays journeys, looses revenue.

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58
Q

What solutions are in place to counter-act the housing shortage in St Ives?

A

200 new homes built in 2010, 75 of which are affordable

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59
Q

What solutions are in place to counter-act the lack of school places in St Ives?

A

Primary schools have been expanded to make 250 new places avaliable

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60
Q

What solutions are in place to counter-act flooding in St Ives?

A

Flood protection (levees) works costing £8.8 million completed in 2007

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61
Q

Define Urban Resurgence

A

The economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline. Often prompted by redevelopment schemes as well as social and demographic processes.

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62
Q

Define Deindustrialisation

A

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector due to economic downturn of governmental policies

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63
Q

Define Decentralisation

A

The movement of population and industry away from the urban centre. Can encompass suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation

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64
Q

Define the Negative multiplier effect

A

A downward spiral of events that follows economic downturn or the decline of investment in an area. (much like +ve feedback)

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65
Q

What is a service economy?

A

Tertiary or Quaternary sectors which provide a ‘service’, eg Doctors, Professionals, Shop assistants etc.

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66
Q

Why did businesses leave the London Docklands?

A

Infrastructure was outdated and the industrial sites were no longer fit for purpose. Businesses left, decentralisation due to economic multiplier.

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67
Q

What have all UK urban policies aimed to do? (5 aims)

A
  1. Improve housing
  2. Create jobs and training opportunites
  3. Enocorage private sector investment
  4. Environmental enhancement by creating green spaces
  5. Covert or replace derelict buildings and brownfield sites
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68
Q

Give two examples of areas undergoing urban resurgence.

A
  1. Birmingham Jewellery Quarter

2. NY City Highline

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69
Q

What was the UK urban policy in the 1980s?

A

Urban Development Corporations (UDCs).

Also Enterprise Zones (EZs)

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70
Q

What was the UK urban policy in the 1990s?

A

City Challenge

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71
Q

What was the UK urban policy in the 2000s?

A

New Deal for Communities (NDCs)

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72
Q

What was the aim of Enterprise Zones?

A
  • To develop areas of unemployment

- Business taxes reduced

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73
Q

What was a major problem with Enterprise Zones?

A

Resulted in businesses relocated to EZs instead of start-ups relocating

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74
Q

Give an example of a modern redevelopment project in London.

A

Battersea Power Station

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75
Q

Who is financing the redevelopment project at Battersea Power station?

A

A Malaysian property development and investment business. (external agencies agent of change)

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76
Q

What are 3 key elements of the Battersea power station redevelopment?

A
  1. New shops, art and leisure facilities on a 40-acre site
  2. The grade II listed Power Station will be retained
  3. Connect the surrounding area with a new Tube Station
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77
Q

What is the example of Urban Development Corporations?

A

London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)

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78
Q

What is the example of City Challenge?

A

Hulme, Manchester

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79
Q

What is the example for New Deals for Communities?

A

Devonport Regeneration

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80
Q

What approach did Urban Development Corporations follow?

A

A top-down approach which was supposed to spark investment into derelict sites

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81
Q

Where did the London Docklands Development Corporation take place?

A

22 square kms in east London, encompassing Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark

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82
Q

What did the London Docklands Development Corporation create?

A

Canary Wharf, London City airport and the DLR

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83
Q

How many jobs did the London Docklands Development Corporation create?

A

120,000 jobs

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84
Q

What was unique about the London Docklands Development Corporation?

A

The corporation had planning powers, allowing more extreme measures to be made without consultation of residents

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85
Q

What was a social benefit of the London Docklands Development Corporation redevelopment?

A

22,000 homes created with new schools and shops

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86
Q

What was an economic benefit of the London Docklands Development Corporation redevelopment?

A

New transport routes with the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) and an extension to the Jubilee Line - area became suburbanised

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87
Q

What was an environmental benefit of the London Docklands Development Corporation redevelopment?

A

200,000 trees planed and 750 hectares of derelict land was reclaimed

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88
Q

Give 3 negative effects of the London Docklands Development Corporation redevelopment.

A
  1. Jobs went to outsiders because locals did not have skills
  2. Housing was not affordable - did not benefit locals
  3. Gentrification occurred, prices increased
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89
Q

Where is Hulme (location of City Challenge example) located?

A

10 minuets walk from Manchester City centre

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90
Q

How were cities chosen for the City Challenge?

A

As the name suggests, cities competed against one another for grants

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91
Q

How much did City Challenge invest in Hulme?

A

£200 million over 5 years

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92
Q

What was a social benefit of the City Challenge, Hulme, redevelopment?

A

3,000 homes were built but traditional houses were retained and renovated

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93
Q

What was an economic benefit of the City Challenge, Hulme, redevelopment?

A

New developments were encouraged. ASDA provided 350 jobs

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94
Q

Give 3 negative effects of the City Challenge, Hulme, redevelopment.

A
  1. Area became filled with students, locals did not benefit
  2. The project was £200 million over budget
  3. Education and key services still not improved - too much emphasis on the environmental appearance
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95
Q

How many houses are still in social rented accommodation post-regeneration in Hulme, Manchester?

A

Nearly 50%

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96
Q

What was the aim of New Deals for Communities (NDCs)?

A
  • To improve the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK, including Devonport, over 10 years
  • ‘Communities at the heart of regeneration’
  • Partnered with businesses and the local community, multiple agents of change
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97
Q

How many people in Devonport are below 16?

A

25%, 5% higher than average

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98
Q

How many households in Devonport have no car?

A

59%

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99
Q

Why was invsetment needed in Devonport?

A
  • Very deprived
  • Young demographic
  • 75% households rely on council for social housing
  • Lack of education
  • Segregation by Navy for 50 years, lack of integration in the community
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100
Q

How much funding did Devonport receive, and when, by the New Deals for Communities?

A

£48 million in 2001

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101
Q

How many new houses did the NDCs in Devonport create?

A

1000 new dwellings, 400 afforable

Council flats demolished and replaced with attractive, award-winning housing

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102
Q

What environmental considerations have been made in the Devonport NDC redevelopment?

A

Homes are energy-efficient, hoping to reduce local and global environmental impacts

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103
Q

How much money was designated to education in Devonport?

A

£4 million. This is much better than in Hulme (CC) where lack of investment in education was the largest pitfall

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104
Q

What are the issues with the redevelopment of Devonport?

A
  • Very little consultation with locals
  • Still very deprived
  • Less economic emphasis - not many jobs created
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105
Q

What highlights the success of the Devonport redevelopment?

A

Awarded the ‘Great Neighbourhood Award’ in 2013; only one of 3 places in the UK

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106
Q

What is the normal population density of Megacities?

A

2,000 people/km2

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107
Q

What is meant by ‘Spacial Proximity’?

A

The relative distance to various locations which can lead to the development of innovation

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108
Q

What is meant by ‘Outsourcing’?

A

The employment of other people from overseas or outsiders

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109
Q

What is the order of ranking world cities, according to the Globalisation and World Rankings Research Network (GaWR)?

A 
Alpha ++ cities
Alpha +
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
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110
Q

What makes an alpha ++ city?

A

INTEGRATION - much more integrated than other cities

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111
Q

Give 2 (the only) examples of alpha ++ cities.

A

New York and London

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112
Q

Give 3 examples of alpha + cities

A

HK, Tokyo and Paris

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113
Q

What are Alpha and Beta (normal) cities characteristics?

A

Important world cities which link major economic regions in the world economy

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114
Q

What are the characteristics of Gamma cities?

A

Link very small regions in the world economy. Not mainly in producer sectors

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115
Q

What percentage of the world’s population live in megacities?

A

12%, which is pretty small. Megacities grow slowly, most at 1% pop increase / year

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116
Q

How much larger are megacity economies compared to normal cities?

A

2-3x more GDP than other cities

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117
Q

Name 3 characteristics of established megacities.

A
  • Advanced and effective governance
  • Engaged in regeneration and sustainable projects
  • Service-sector economy
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118
Q

Give an example of an established megacity.

A

London, UK

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119
Q

Give an example of a mature megacity.

A

Sao Paulo, Brazil

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120
Q

Give an example of a consolidating megacity.

A

Mumbai, India

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121
Q

Give an example of an immature megacity.

A

Lagos, Nigeria

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122
Q

Why does the location of London make it a world city?

A
  • Globally central with GMT
  • Global transport hub
  • In south-easy UK, many connections
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123
Q

Relative to some other countries, how big is London’s economy?

A

Larger than Sweeden and Austria. Also larger than Denmark and Portugal put together

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124
Q

How many tourists visit London each year?

A

30 million/year

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125
Q

How much revenue does the royal family make from tourism in London?

A

£500 million

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126
Q

What international political summits are held in London frequently?

A

G8 (/7) and Nato summits are sometimes held in London, highlighting the city’s political importance nationally and internationally

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127
Q

Define urban morphology.

A

The shape, including spacial structure and organisation, and appearance of urban areas. The result of urban dynamics and processes

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128
Q

What is an edge city?

A

A self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original boundary of a city. Now an outright city although may be engulfed by urban sprawl

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129
Q

What does the Burgess model show?

A

A circular model to show land use in urban areas. Common in pre-planned cities in the US

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130
Q

What does the Hoyt model show?

A

Sectors of a city in a semi-centric approach, with the CBD in the centre

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131
Q

What does the Multiple Nuclei model, by Harris and Ullman, show?

A

A generally more realistic approach with a random distribution of land-use zones.

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132
Q

What does the bid-rent theory model show?

A

A graph to show how the price of land varies as distance from the centre increases and how this affects the type of industry and land use.

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133
Q

What is an MBC?

A

A motor-based city

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134
Q

Give 2 examples of pre-industrial cities.

A

Lincoln and Bath - mostly unaffected by industrial developments

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135
Q

What are socialist cities?

A

‘Classless’ cities with the same types of buildings. Political centres eg Prague and Berlin

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136
Q

What are some features of African cities?

A

Cities which have industry developing in a chaotic matter because of lack of industrialisation as a colony

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137
Q

What is a post-industrial city?

A

A city with a looser structure with lots of smaller high-tech zones. A multi-nodal structure with a less dominant CBD. Eg Milton Keynes and Tokyo

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138
Q

What is the population density of Mumbai?

A

27,000 people / km2

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139
Q

What is the largest ethnic group in LA?

A

Mexican Hispanics

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140
Q

How many migrants does Mumbai receive each day?

A

1000 new migrants / day

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141
Q

What is meant by ‘Postmodernism’?

A

Changes that took place in western society and culture in the lath 20th century. Concerns the architectural and artistic deviation from modernist conformity

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142
Q

How does the urban structure of a post-modern city differ from others?

A

A multi-nodal structure with high-tech corridors

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143
Q

How does achetecture of a post-modern city differ from others?

A

Modern cities had functional architecture, post-modern cities have architecture which is an expression not a function with heritage incorporated

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144
Q

What is the economy of post-modern cities like?

A

A service-sector economy for niche markets in a global economy. Telecoms dominate

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145
Q

How do post-modern cities approach planning?

A

Emphasises aesthetic, not social needs. Planned in fragments

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146
Q

How do post-modern cities differ culturally?

A
  • More ethnically diverse

- Fragmented culturally

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147
Q

What is an example of a post-modern city?

A

Las Vagas

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148
Q

Why is Las Vagas a post-modern city?

A
  • Unique, pioneering urban structure with ‘the strip’
  • Extravagant urban architecture
  • Local government works alongside private companies
  • Less tax to boost casino industry
  • Builders given free rein
  • Racial divides and tensions
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149
Q

What are Fortress Landscapes?

A

Landscapes designed so that security and protection are prioritised

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150
Q

Give a UK example of a Fortress Landscape.

A

Manchester - hostile architecture and speed bumps etc.

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151
Q

What are some of the elements in the LA Fortress Landscape?

A

Metal fences and armed response units

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152
Q

Give 4 features of edge cities.

A
  1. Near major road or rail links
  2. Lack clear structure
  3. Wide range of amenities
  4. Cultureless
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153
Q

How have cities improved cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Beginning in 1980s, focus is on the history of an area based on a single industry (eg Birmigham jewellery industry). Attracts tourists, but must be prioritised in poor areas.

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154
Q

What are Town Centre Mixed developments?

A

Developments taking place in many towns to increase the variety of facilities and functions for urban users besides retail in town centres.

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155
Q

What are some components of Town Centre Mixed Developments?

A
  • More leisure facilities (cinemas + cafes
  • Open spaces
  • Nightlife
  • Attractions, M Shed Bristol
  • Restricting out of town developments so emphasis on town centre
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156
Q

Give an example of a Town Centre Mixed Development.

A

Exeter, new mixed-use city centre developed in 2007

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157
Q

What was done during the Town Centre Mixed Development in Exeter?

A
  • 60 new retail units
  • 120 flats
  • Improved access to Medieval tunnels
  • Information centres and 10 cafes
  • Roman walk incorporated into shopping centre
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158
Q

What is an example of conflict in urban areas (link CP)?

A

The Shoreditch Cereal Killer Cafe, September 2015

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159
Q

Why did people attack the Cereal Killer Cafe in Shoreditch?

A

Protesters believed that the cafe epitomised gentrification in Shoreditch

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160
Q

How much does cereal cost at the Cereal Killer Cafe in Shoreditch?

A

£4.40 - it’s unsurprising that residents are angry!

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161
Q

What is meant by diaspora?

A

A group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled in the same location elsewhere in the world

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162
Q

What are some causes of social segregation?

A
  • Disparities in wealth,
  • Ethnicity
  • Religion
  • Age
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163
Q

What is Antilla?

A

The world’s most expensive home

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164
Q

How much does Antilla, the world’s most expensive home, cost?

A

$2 billion. The owners net wealth is $21 billion

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165
Q

What is is like to live in a poor area of London?

A
  • Longer commutes on cheaper busses
  • Long contract hours on below the minimum wage
  • 2x more likely to dies from chronic illnesses
  • Fear of crime and gang violence
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166
Q

Why do developers provide insufficient quantities of affordable housing?

A

Developers always look for profits, based on markets. Government subsidies are insufficient

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167
Q

Why does a spiral of decline occur in poorer areas?

A
  • SOCIAL More migrants move to areas with mre housing and concentration of migrants increases in that area
  • ENVIR areas can become more run-down due to kess investment
  • ECON Developers don’t build enough affordable housing
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168
Q

Where were the majority of deprived areas (according to the IMD) in 2010?

A

98% deprived areas in the UK in 2010 were in cities

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169
Q

Where were the majority of deprived areas (according to the IMD) in 2015?

A

The majority of deprived areas were in areas with historically heavy industry and mining sectors. Symbolises government policies 2010-2015

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170
Q

What is an example of inequality in the UK?

A

Shadsworth Estate, Blackburn, Lancashire

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171
Q

What percentage of residents in Shadsworth have no formal qualifications?

A

30% of residents

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172
Q

What are opinions among residents in Shadsworth regarding inequality there?

A

People feel ‘frustrated’ and children ‘fear for the future’

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173
Q

What 2 factors caused poverty in Shadsworth?

A
  • 2009 recession (made the divide larger)
  • Some residents have learning difficulties making finding a job harder
  • Very large families, often with a single parent - makes retaining a job very difficult
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174
Q

What (poor) management strategies are there currently in place in Shadsworth?

A
  • Benefits
  • Tax credits
    Cuts have reduced the number of people entitled to these though
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175
Q

What is a living wage?

A

A requirement for employers to pay the minimum amount to workers so that all amenities are affordable

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176
Q

Name 7 strategies used to solve urban social segregation.

A
  1. Fairness commissions
  2. Enforcing a living wage
  3. Supporting Low-skilled workers
  4. More public transport
  5. Access to affordable homes
  6. Minimum environmental standards
  7. Provision of schools
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177
Q

Following the introduction of the Living wage in London in 2005, how many families have been alleviated from poverty?

A

10,000 families out of poverty in London since 2005

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178
Q

Why is the provision of schools important in reducing social segregation?

A

Allows all individuals to gain suitable qualifications for jobs

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179
Q

Why is supporting low-skilled workers important in reducing social segregation?

A

Allows people to develop new abilities and makes labour markets more inclusive in cities

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180
Q

Why is access to affordable housing important in reducing social segregation?

A

Housing costs in London are slowing the economy because low paid workers cannot work in the capital. The economy is like a food chain

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181
Q

What do fairness commissions do?

A

Try to improve the lives of residents in urban areas by researching issues and finding suitable solutions. Very ‘top down’, a slight -ve

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182
Q

What is the Caste System?

A

A Hindu social division system whereby ‘Castes’ are awarded different privileges and limitations

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183
Q

How many languages are spoken in London?

A

Over 300 languages spoken

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184
Q

How many non-indigenous communities are there in London?

A

50 non-indigenous communities with populations of over 10,000 people

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185
Q

Why are there more ethnic groups in urban areas worldwide?

A

Globalisation of transport

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186
Q

Why is there more cultural diversity in cities (compared to rural areas)?

A
  • Range of job opportunities
  • First point of entry into a country
  • Diversity becomes established, so more groups move in
  • Urban populations become tolerant of migrants
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187
Q

How has ethnicity varied in Oldham over the past 40 years?

A
  • 1980 mostly white

- 2001 11% Asian

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188
Q

What caused the Oldham riots?

A

A 70-year-old was attacked by Asian groups in April 2001 following ongoing segregation efforts

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189
Q

Why were the original residents of Oldham unhappy?

A

Long-term residents were angry about the influx of migrants because of pressures on housing and education in Oldham

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190
Q

What was said in a Home Office report after the Oldham riots in May 2001?

A

The report stated that people in Britain were leading “Parallel” and “Polarised” lives which lead to hostility

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191
Q

What 5 strategies were implemented NATIONALLY following the Oldham riots in 2001?

A
  • Mix ethnic groups in different areas
  • Encourage mixed-race schools
  • Faith schools should admit people of different faiths
  • Public sector employees should be mixed race
  • Police should be community focused
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192
Q

What did the local council in Oldham do following the riots in May 2001 (5 strategies)?

A
  • Support English Language classes
  • Economic support in segregated areas
  • Schemes in schools encouraging friendships from different backgrounds
  • NCS launched by David Cameron
  • British Values in school curriculums
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193
Q

Name a predominantly white neighbourhood in Oldham.

A

St Mary’s Ward

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194
Q

Name a predominantly Asian neighbourhood in Oldham.

A

Glodock Ward

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195
Q

What has changed to the education system in Oldham?

A

A new academy has been built merging 2 schools with different ethnicties

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196
Q

What percentage of residents in Shadsworth have no GCSEs?

A

39%

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197
Q

What is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect?

A

The increased temperature of urban areas relative to surrounding rural areas

198
Q

What are urban canyon winds?

A

Winds which are channelled down narrow gaps between buildings

199
Q

In what ways do urban environments affect the weather and climate of cities?

A
  • Temperatures
  • Precipitation
  • Wind
  • Air quality
200
Q

When is the UHI effect most noticeable. Why?

A

The UHI effect is most noticable at night and during the summer/winter. Due to less winds

201
Q

How much warmer can the CBD of an urban area be compared to the surrounding countryside?

A

Nearly 10C warmer

202
Q

What new techniques are there (besides increasing veg cover) which can reduce the UHI effect?

A

Cool roofing which has a very high Albedo which is very efficient

203
Q

What 3 factors contribute to the UHI effect?

A
  1. Darker surfaces absorb short-wave solar radiation
  2. Air pollution traps more re-emitted heat
  3. Less vegetation, so less moisture which absorbs heat
204
Q

What is the urban canopy layer?

A

The layer of warm air closest to the surface

205
Q

What is the urban boundary layer?

A

A layer of warm air which extends 1km high during the day. Urban plumes are caused by the urban boundary layer moving with the wind.

206
Q

What is an urban plume?

A

The movement of warm air which has built up over a city into surrounding countryside

207
Q

What is the acronym for the effects of the UHI effect?

A

Wear Wach

208
Q

What does ‘WEAR WACH’ stand for?

A

Water
Ecology
Anticyclone
Resources

Weathering
Allergies
Climate
Health

209
Q

Why is water (Wear wach) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

More water is used by residents during hit spells. Puts pressure on the water suppy

210
Q

Why is ecology (wEar wach) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

Algae blooms and other urban pests become more common

211
Q

Why is anticyclone (weAr wach) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

Pollution and smog are more common during UHI conditions

212
Q

Why is resources (weaR wach) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

More heat means that energy supplies are put under strain, such as air con - causes +ve feedback too

213
Q

Why is weathering (wear Wach) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

Historical monuments ruined by temperature-induced chemical weathering

214
Q

Why are allergies (wear wAch) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

Plants and trees bloom for longer, affecting hay fever sufferers

215
Q

Why is climate (wear waCh) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

The intensity of the UHI effect will increase with climate change

216
Q

Why is health (wear wacH) a matter for concern regarding the UHI effect?

A

Very young and old urban users are vulnerable to heat stroke

217
Q

Name 5 strategies to reduce the UHI effect.

A
  1. Cool surfaces (roofs and pavements)
  2. Green roofs
  3. Urban greening
  4. Sky view factor
  5. Cool cars
218
Q

What is one benefit of green roofs concerning the UHI effect?

A

Green roof reduce rooftop temperatures by 40C. (Also a number of drainage benefits, multinational)

219
Q

What is ‘sky view factor’?

A

The relative openness between buildings in an urban area. If very narrow, then warmer temps because heat cannot escape so easily

220
Q

How much cooler are cool cars?

A

A Honda civic with a ‘cool car’ design is 5C cooler than identical non-cool version

221
Q

What are cool cars?

A

Cars designed to reduce heating effect internally and externally. Fitted with lighter coloured shelves and less air con usage

222
Q

What other effect, besides temperature increases, does the UHI effect cause?

A

Affects the precipitation rates because the UHI effect increases convection.

223
Q

How much more common are thunderstorms in urban areas?

A

25% more common than the surrounding rural areas

224
Q

Why does the UHI effect cause more fog?

A

The low pressure created by the warm air rising draws in moisture

225
Q

How much more cloud cover do urban areas receive?

A

10% more frequent cloud cover

226
Q

How many more day each year did London receive fog in the 1800s compared to the 1700s?

A

30 days a year more

227
Q

What is a term used to describe smog and fog in New Dehli and Beijing?

A

‘Airpocalypse’

228
Q

Why do urban areas experience more wind in general?

A

Urban areas are low pressure because air is rising due to heat. Rural areas are generally high pressure so winds are created.

229
Q

What are urban canyon winds?

A

Winds channelled down streets which cause wind speeds to increase at street level.

230
Q

What occurs with winds on the leeward side of buildings?

A

There is lower pressure so air passes through at high speed - the Venturi Effect

231
Q

What is an example of wind speeds increasing becaus of a skyscraper?

A

The centre point skyscraper in London

232
Q

What microclimate does the Walkie Talkie tower in London make?

A

A suntrap / heat island. Car parts melted and the building material had to be replaced in 2014

233
Q

What is Masdar City, Abu Dhabi?

A

A zero-carbon, zero-waste city complex built to implement sustainable energy

234
Q

When will Masdar city be complete? How many residents will there be?

A

Complete by 2025

40000 residents

235
Q

What are the renewable energy sources in Masdar city?

A

Sunlight and Wind are both harnessed

236
Q

Name a building that “went wrong” - i.e created an adverse microclimate.

A

John Hancock building, Boston - caused motion sickness and 5000 panels to be blown off the building

237
Q

How much more NOx is there in urban areas compared to rural areas?

A

10x more NOx

238
Q

How much more Sulphur Dioxide is there in urban areas compared to rural areas?

A

200x more

239
Q

What causes particulate smog?

A

Particles and NOx and CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels

240
Q

What causes photochemical smog?

A

Volatile organic compounds from the evaporation of solvents and Ozone

241
Q

What are anticyclonic conditions?

A

High pressure which builds up over a city in a shallow valley, tapping pollutants

242
Q

In what climates is photochemical smog more common?

A

Hot, arid cities like LA and Dubai

243
Q

When was the Great Smog?

A

8th-11th December 1952

244
Q

How many people died in the Great Smog?

A

4000 deaths

245
Q

What are 3 methods of reducing air pollution?

A
  1. Clean air acts
  2. Improvements to public transport
  3. Education and Advertisements
246
Q

When was the first UK clean air act introduced?

A

1956

247
Q

What clean air legislation did the UK government establish in the 1990s?

A

Restrictions on PM10s in the air

248
Q

What 3 methods are there to reduce air pollution?

A

1) Clean air acts
2) Vehicle control + Public transport
3) Zoning of industries

249
Q

What is the history of clean air acts?

A

1956 Smoke-free zones in London

1990s Pollution forcefully reduced (esp PM10s)
Councils must monitor air quality and set up management plans

250
Q

Have clean air acts been effective?

A

Pollution, especially PM10s, has reduced

NOx emissions higher than EU regulations

251
Q

How has vehicle control and public transport helped to reduce air pollution?

A
  • More options for travel
  • ULEZ introduced in 2019
  • 2003 congestion charge
252
Q

When discussing urban areas WHO are we talking about?

A

Urban USERS

253
Q

How can the zoning of industries reduce pollution in urban areas?

A

Factories placed downwind of cities with higher chimneys

254
Q

How has LA reduced pollution?

A

More carpooling lanes

255
Q

How was pollution in urban areas controlled in the 1980s?

A

Bypasses built around towns and cities

256
Q

Where have waterways been used as an alternative to cars? Why?

A

In London and Bristol

Reduces street-level pollution

257
Q

What alternative method of reducing pollution have urban planners proposed?

A

Banning cars on certain days or alternating cars based upton number plate recognition

258
Q

Why is public transport better than congestion charges?

A
  • Congestion charges do not prevent cars being used
  • Often difficult to impose legislation
  • Public transport initiatives can use renewable fuels
  • Less fuel burnt per-person on public transport
259
Q

How do pollution reduction strategies have economic benefits?

A

Fewer vehicles = shorter commuting times

260
Q

What is an issue with Masdar City, Abu Dhabi?

A

Too focused on the current climate - not thinking about future climates, very unsustainable

261
Q

How much cooler will Masdar City be compared to nearby Abu Dhabi?

A

Up to 10 degrees colder

262
Q

What is German Truck Tolling?

A

A method of controlling truck pollution in Germany

263
Q

How does the German Truck Tolling system work?

A

GPS tracking of trucks, enabling the government to charge companies based on:

  • Distance traveled
  • No. of axles
  • Pollution emissions
264
Q

In what ways has German Truck Tolling been successful?

A

60% of miles traveled are now by clean trucks

265
Q

What are two issues with German Truck Tolling?

A

1) Needs more investment to be successful

2) Only focuses on trucks, a small proportion of all traffic. Also trucks don’t use urban areas as often as cars

266
Q

How significant was the London Olympic park?

A

It was the largest areas of parkland created in a century

267
Q

Who designed the London Olympic park?

A

Jon Hopkins - an agent of change (individual) and a flow of ideas in CP LINK

268
Q

What was the main aim of the London Olympic park? How was this achieved?

A

To be absorbent.

Less hard engineering used and 20 year-old trees were installed by lorry

269
Q

What are the two environmental advantages of the QEOP?

A

1) UHI reduced by increasing green spaces

2) More interception and infiltration of water (W+C)

270
Q

How has the QEOP been bad socially?

A
  • Gentrification has caused house prices to rise

- Carpenters estate

271
Q

How does the UHI effect cause more pollution?

A

Increases the rate of reaction between VOCs and NOx, a positive feedback loop

272
Q

By how much can large shade trees reduce ambient temperatures?

A

3-5 degrees, seen in Sacramento County, CA

273
Q

Where does 16% of hydrocarbon emissions in urban areas come from?

A

Fuel delivery systems in cars become overheated due to UHI effect in open car parks

274
Q

What is an example of trees absorbing pollution?

A

Trees in Chicago 1991 removed 234 tonnes of PM10s

275
Q

When did London implement its new ‘air quality strategy’?

A

Between 2015 and 2020

276
Q

What are the 5 methods involved in the London air quality strategy 2015-2020?

A

1) Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ)
2) Low emission bus zone
3) T-charge
4) Greener Transport systems
5) Education + public consultation

277
Q

When was the ULEZ introduced?

A

8th April 2019

278
Q

What does the ULEZ intend to do?

A

Reduce NOx emissions so that it conforms to EU standards

279
Q

When will the ULEZ expand to include the whole of inner London?

A

2021

between north and south circulars

280
Q

Give an example of a Low Emission Bus Zone in London. How bad is pollution there

A

Putney High Street

Legal pollution limits were exceeded >800x in 2016

281
Q

What does Sadiq Khan want to occur in London by 2041 to drastically cut emissions?

A

For 80% of trips in London to be made on foot, bike or public transport

282
Q

How will double-decker busses in London change from 2020?

A

All double decker busses will be hybrid, electric or hydrogen-fueled

283
Q

How have important public places in London been modified to reduce pollution?

A
  • School entrances have been moved away from busy roads
  • “No engine idling schemes” outside schools

Think about changes to endogenous factors and built environment

284
Q

How much money in London is being invested to tackle air quality?

A

£800 million

285
Q

How many people die in London from long term pollution exposure?

A

Up to 9000 (estimate)

286
Q

How many schools in London exceed air quality requirements?

A

> 400 schools

287
Q

What is a better method on reducing pollution in London and the UK?

A

A nationwide strategy to help reduce pollution, following examples like German Truck Tolling and “ecological forms of mobility” in Switzerland

288
Q

How many people in Asia will be vulnerable to flooding in urban areas by 2025?

A

350 million people

289
Q

How much more (%) runoff do Urban areas experience compared to rural areas?

A

20-45% more runoff due to impermeable surfaces

290
Q

What do SUDS do?

A

Deliver a more holistic approach to urban drainage by mimicking natural processes

291
Q

Why do urban areas have more flashy flood hydrographs?

A
  • Less infiltration
  • More runoff
  • DRAINAGE DENSITY is higher due to many drains leading into rivers
  • Shorter lag time, higher peak discharge
292
Q

What are the 4 traditional hard engineering strategies in urban drainage?

A

1) River straightening
2) Levees made higher
3) Flood relief channels
4) Channelisation

293
Q

Why does river straightening not work?

A

Increases the gradient of the river so discharge increases so more flooding downstream

294
Q

What does channelisation involve?

A

Lining straightened channels with concrete

295
Q

What are the 4 traditional soft engineering strategies in urban drainage?

A

1) Afforestation
2) Riverbank conservation
3) Floodplain zoning
4) River restoration

296
Q

How can wildfires affect urban drainage?

A

Ash turns into a concrete-like substance so the ground becomes impermeable

297
Q

Give an example of wildfires affecting urban drainage?

A

Jan 2018 13 people died

298
Q

What are the 6 types of SUDS?

A

1) Pervious surfaces
2) Rain gardens
3) Bioretention areas
4) Wetlands
5) Detention ponds
6) Green roofs

299
Q

SUDS

What are rain gardens?

A

Small depressions near buildings which act as infiltration points for roof water

300
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of rain gardens?

A
  • Easy to (retro)fit
  • Attractive (sense of place)
  • Easy to maintain
301
Q

SUDS

What are 3 disadvantages of rain gardens?

A
  • V. small volume of water able to infiltrate
  • Requires management of the surrounding area or becomes clogged up
  • Not suitable on slopes
302
Q

SUDS

What are Bioretention areas?

A

Shallow, landscaped depressions which use engineered soils and veg to increase infiltration and percolation rates

303
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of Bioretention areas?

A
  • Act as landscape features
  • Removes harmful pollutants
  • Easily retrofitted
304
Q

SUDS

What are 3 disadvantages of Bioretention areas?

A
  • Needs landscaping
  • Easily clog up with silt
  • Not suitable for slopes
305
Q

SUDS

What are wetlands?

A

Shallow ponds + marshy areas with aquatic vegetation which provide stormwater treatment and attenuation

306
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of wetlands?

A
  • Ecological benefits with rare species
  • Adhesion of pollutants to vegetation
  • Can be lined to reduce groundwater contamination
307
Q

SUDS

What are 3 disadvantages of wetlands?

A
  • Can raise property prices
  • Requires lots of land + a base flow rate to support reeds and species
  • No reduction to runoff
308
Q

SUDS

What are detention ponds?

A

Surface storage areas that provide flow control of stormwater runoff

309
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of detention ponds?

A
  • Caters for a range of rainfall types and intensities
  • Simple design
  • Dual land usage potential
310
Q

SUDS

What are 2 disadvantages of detention ponds?

A
  • Runoff volume not reduced so much

- Constrained by existing infrastructure

311
Q

SUDS

What are green roofs?

A

A multi-layered system covering roofs, designed to intercept precipitation and to reduce runoff

312
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of green roofs?

A
  • Successfully mimics pre-existing hydrology
  • Removes atmospheric pollutants and UHI effects
  • Can be used in high density developments
313
Q

SUDS

What are 3 disadvantages of green roofs?

A
  • More expensive than conventional roof
  • Not suitable for steep-sloping roofs
  • If damage occurs to impermeable membrane v. expensive to repair
314
Q

SUDS

What are pervious surfaces?

A

POROUS or PERMEABLE surfaces

  • Porous = water infiltrates across entire surface
  • Permeable = cracks to allow infiltration to occur

Allows for the use by vehicles

315
Q

SUDS

What are 3 advantages of pervious surfaces?

A
  • Can be used in high-density urban areas
  • Dual use by cars
  • Can be retrofitted
316
Q

SUDS

What are 3 disadvantages of pervious surfaces?

A
  • Not suitable for areas where lots of sediment flows over the surface (covers cracks)
  • Only suitable alongside slow-moving, light vehicles
  • Weeds fill gaps
317
Q

What have the South Downs National Park done to reduce driveway size?

A

From 2008 any paved driveways over 5m^2 require planning permission

318
Q

When was london made as a national park city?

A

July 2019

319
Q

What does SUDS stand for?

A

Sustainable Urban Drainage systems

320
Q

SUDS

What are Swales?

A

Drainage channels which are normally dry but can cope with larger quantities of storm discharge

321
Q

What SUDS has Cambourne, Cambridgeshire, used?

A

1) Permeable paving
2) Green roofs
3) Swales
4) Water Butts
5) Retention and detention ponds
6) Wetland basins

322
Q

Where is Cambourne?

A

9 miles west of Cambridge

323
Q

Where in Cambourne is a SUDs scheme being used?

A

On Lamb Drove

324
Q

How many affordable houses are there in the Lamb Drove SUDS scheme?

A

35

325
Q

When was the SUDS scheme on Lamb Drove, Cambourne completed?

A

2006

326
Q

What was the aim of the SUDS scheme at Cambourne?

A

To demonstrate that SUDS are viable and attractive alternatives to traditional forms of drainage

327
Q

What did the SUDS scheme at Cambourne pioneer?

A

The use of a ‘management train’

328
Q

What is a ‘management train’?

A

The use of simple, natural drainage components in a successive series to improve water quality

Used to consider water management from the point at which water falls on roofs to leaving the site.

HOLISTIC

329
Q

What have the SUDS at Lamb Drove done?

A

Enabled dynamic equilibrium to be maintained in the LOCALISED hydrosphere with a holistic approach

330
Q

How much of the costs of the SUDS development in Cambourne have already been paid back?

A

10%

331
Q

In the Cambourne SUDS by how many % are concentrations of Zinc and Lead lower compared to control sites?

A

Lead and Zinc are 80% lower

332
Q

What are the 2 major flaws with SUDS?

A

1) Larger developments = more issues = more expensive

2) Expensive and time consuming to maintain

333
Q

What does River Restoration mean?

A

Refers to a variety of ecological, physical and spacial measures implemented to help restore rivers to a natural state and function.

Facilitates recreational activities too

334
Q

What are some characteristics of the River Lea?

A
  • Source in Bedfordshire
  • Mouth at Thames
  • Chalk stream in upper course
335
Q

Why was the river Lea restored? (4 reasons)

A
  • Drains in London outdated
  • Risk of flooding increased
  • Impermeable surfaces adjacent to the river
  • Inaccessible to the public with steep banks
336
Q

When did the River Lea project start? Why?

A

2005 to prepare for 2012 olympics

337
Q

How much did the River Lea restoration cost?

A

£50 million form several agents of change

338
Q

Name 5 components of the River Lea restoration project.

A

1) Abandoned dock on City Mill river refurbished
2) Towpaths rebuilt
3) Channels dredged to allow more traffic and increase carrying capacity
4) Boat trips and other rec activities
5) Biodiversity

339
Q

Where were SUDS used in the River Lea Restoration project / olympic park?

A
  • Swales and balancing pools near basketball arena

- Water harvesting near velodrome

340
Q

Who were the agents of change involved in the River Lea restoration?

A

Individuals = Jon Hopkins landscaper

Organisations = International Olympic committee, Olympic park legacy company, EA, British Waterways and Thames water

National Government too

341
Q

Name 3 benefits of the River Lea restoration project

A

1) Sustainable, accounted for climate change with the use of water stores
2) Treated contaminated surfaces
3) Sustainable materials used, such as hessian mesh

342
Q

Name 3 issues of the River Lea restoration project

A

1) Gentrification resulted in lack of support from Locals (Carpenters estate link)
2) Costly (but money well spent)
3) Very localised, only looked at the River Lea, not the Thames

343
Q

How many jobs did the River Lea Restoration Project create?

A

40,000

344
Q

How many homes did the River Lea restoration project protect from flooding?

A

5000 existing homes in Newham protected

345
Q

How many plants were used in the River Lea restoration/ olympic park?

A

300,000 plants introduced, 30 varieties, some rare

346
Q

How long are the Bow Back rivers?

A

16km long, 6km in the Olympic park

347
Q

What is the new cycle route along the river Lea called?

A

‘The Leaway’ connects the Olympic park to the Thames - 3km long

348
Q

How has the Lea restoration improved people’s sense of place?

A

Prior to the project people ‘didn’t feel safe and comfortable’ standing in the confined, hostile spaces next to the locks

349
Q

What is a waste stream?

A

The complete flow of waste from source to disposal

Needs to be controlled to prevent wasting recyclable goods and releasing methane GhG

350
Q

How much more waste do urban areas produce compared to rural areas?

A

Double rural areas and this is increasing 7% each year

351
Q

In what countries is waste produced more?

A

HICs 10-30x the amount compared to LICs

352
Q

Why do urban areas produce more waste than rural areas? (4 points)

A
  • Rural areas are poorer so fewer items purchased
  • More reuse in rural areas (resourceful)
  • Community psychology - ‘they do it so why shouldn’t I?’
  • (Urban) population increase = more waste
353
Q

Which country is producing the most urban waste TOTAL?

A

China, overtook US in 2004

354
Q

What countries produce the most waste PER CAPITA?

A

Small island states

355
Q

If HICs consume more why is there less waste?

A

More developed = money to improve recycling infrastructure

356
Q

What does MSW stand for?

A

Municipal solid waste

357
Q

Between 2010 and 2025, which countries will see the greatest increase in the amount of waste produced? Why is this?

A

Lower Middle Income countries (%300 inc.)

More urban growth without legislation to tackle waste. Lowest income countries cannot afford to consume as much and HICs control waste for sustainability

358
Q

What are the 8 types of Municipal solid waste?

A

1) Biomedical waste
2) Recyclable waste
3) Inert Waste
4) Composite Waste
5) Toxic waste
6) Hazardous waste
7) Biodegradable waste
8) Electrical waste

359
Q

On what occasion did waste become a Hazard? What happend?

A
  • Koshe Landfill site, Ethiopia
  • 120 people killed in March 2017
  • A rubbish mound had built up over 50 years
  • Became an informal settlement
360
Q

What approach to waste disposal do LICs use?

Name one environmental effect.

A

Unregulated disposal

UN identified diarrhea to be 2x more common near these areas

361
Q

What is Guiyu?

A

The world’s largest electronic waste dump site in China. An example of unregulated waste disposal

362
Q

How much money is made from recycling each year?

A

$30 billion/year

363
Q

What do people do at Guiyu, China?

A
  • 5000 workshops recycle 15,000 tonnes waste daily

- 1000s die yearly from lead poisoning

364
Q

What is Recovery?

A

The informal exploitation of materials in unregulated waste sites

365
Q

Why is incineration often used?

A
  • The volume of waste can be reduced up to 90%

- Energy is a bi-product

366
Q

How is waste incineration often performed in LICs? Give an example

A

Open burning on unregulated dumps in Delhi, India

367
Q

How much e-waste is there produced annually?

A

50 million tonnes

368
Q

How does the burial of waste differ between LICs and HICs?

A

LICs just hole in the ground

HICs controlled, allows gasses to be captured

369
Q

Give an example of waste burial?

A
  • Semakou landfill island, Singapore
  • An offshore island of buried waste
  • Impermeable membrane stops leaks
  • Now green
370
Q

What form of waste disposal is banned by the UN?

A

Submergence

371
Q

Give an example of illegal submergence of waste.

A
  • Runit Island, Marshall islands
  • Nuclear waste submerged in bomb crater 1958
  • Isotatic sinking and Eustatic change in the region may lead to more leakage in the future
372
Q

Why is some waste traded?

A

Allows for LEDCs to effectively and safely dispose waste

373
Q

What is institutional waste?

A

Waste produced by hospitals and schools

374
Q

How is hospital waste classified in HICs?

A

As ‘risk’ or ‘non-risk’

375
Q

Why is municipal waste difficult to deal with?

A

A mixture of wastes, so labour and time is required to sort it

376
Q

Why is construction and demolition waste hard to deal with?

A

Whilst it can be easily categorised, could contain harmful materials, such as Asbestos

377
Q

Name an innovative use of sewage waste

A

The Bristol airport poo bus

378
Q

Give an example of a country which had too much waste?

A

Lebanon 2015

Beirut streets full of domestic waste because a landfill site was closed down, so the waste stream stopped

379
Q

What are the two best methods of waste management?

A

1) Reduce

2) Reuse

380
Q

What are the two worst methods of waste management?

A
  • Landfill

- Open dump

381
Q

What are 3 advantages of Landfill?

A

1) Uses old quarries
2) Methane used as a fuel
3) Can be used for recreation if landscaped

382
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of Landfill?

A

1) Attracts vermin
2) Subsidence is common
3) Methane could escape, a GhG

383
Q

What are 3 advantages of incineration?

A

1) Heat and energy produced as bi-products
2) Allows of municipal waste to be dealt with
3) Allows for hazardous waste to be dealt with too

384
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of incineration?

A

1) Particulate emissions contribute to urban pollution
2) CO2 a GhG
3) Not all waste is combustible safely

385
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of recycling?

A

1) Bottle banks collect litter
2) Expensive facilities
3) Takes time to sort items

386
Q

What is Lansink’s ladder?

A

Est. 1994
Sets out to: “Avoid making waste in the first place, recover valuable materials, generate electricity by incineration and only dump what is left in an environmentally acceptable way”

387
Q

How does Amsterdam control landfill?

A
  • Landfill tax 1995

- Ban 1995 covering 35 categories

388
Q

What is the incineration plant in Amsterdam called?

A

Afual Energie Bedrijf (AEB) incineration plant

389
Q

How much energy does the Afual Energie Bedrijf (AEB) incineration plant produce annually?

A
  • 1 million MwH annually for national grid

- Heats local homes with 300,000 Giga J/year

390
Q

How much waste does the Afual Energie Bedrijf (AEB) incineration plant burn?

A

1.4 million tonnes per year

391
Q

How much waste does Amsterdam recycle?

A

64% of all waste

392
Q

What are 75% of complaints in Shenzhen associated with?

A

Noise pollution

393
Q

What have the WTO siad about air pollution in urban areas?

A

Pollution was 2.5x higher in 50% of urban populations

394
Q

How much pollution in Dhaka comes from brick kilns?

A

40%

395
Q

How many urban users in India have access to a toilet?

A

87%

396
Q

When did water pollution become bad in Lonhttps://www.brainscape.com/packsdon?

A

1858 ‘big stink’

397
Q

How much sewerage entered the Thames in 2013?

A

55 million tonnes

398
Q

How many derelict plots are there in Detroit?

A

40,000

1/3 land area

399
Q

How much waste from Cairo is dumped in the desert?

A

60% !

400
Q

Under what conditions does pollution build up?

A

Still, warm weather. In windy and rainy weather it is blown or washed away

401
Q

What pioneering projects has Curitiba done?

A
  • First pedestrian mall in Brazil
  • Dedicated bus lanes
  • Bus system is not subsidiesd, pays for itself
402
Q

How frequently do busses arrive at stops in Curitiba?

A

Every 60 seconds

403
Q

What does Curitiba aim to do in the future to become more sustainable?

A

Replace diesel busses with electric

404
Q

When did the Delhi metro open?

A

2003

Now 8 lines

405
Q

What are 2 issues still present in Delhi despite the new metro?

A
  • Pop growth = more pressure

- Pollution on the trains themselves is over UN guidelines

406
Q

What are ‘point sources’ and ‘diffuse/non-point sources’ of water pollution?

A 
POINT = Specific areas water pollution comes from
NON-POINT = Hard to source, eg drainage water
407
Q

What EU law helps manage waste (HIC)?

A

The 1991 EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

408
Q

Name 4 issues associated with water pollution.

A

1) Birth Defects
2) Toxic compounds damage health
3) Water Borne diseases in LICs account for 80% of ALL infection disease worldwide
4) Phosphorus causes Eutrophication

409
Q

What process provides clean water (and electricity) for LICs?

A

The Janicki Omniprocessor

410
Q

Give an example of education to help prevent water pollution.

A

2014 Wessex Water mobile billboards to persuade customers not to dispose of wet wipes in toilets

411
Q

What is being built in London to help improve the outdated sewage system?

A

The 25km long Thames Tideway tunnel

412
Q

What proportion of rivers in India are polluted?

A

50%

413
Q

Other than eutrophication, in what other ways does water pollution in urban areas affect wildlife?

A

Water temperatures are too warm for aquatic organisms

414
Q

When was Park and Ride introduced to Portsmouth?

A

2015

415
Q

How much cost do trees save by naturally filtering air?

A

AECOM calculated that London’s 8.3 million trees provide £95 million air filtration / year

416
Q

How can economic downturn occur in an area (3 points)?

A
  • DeIndustrialisation
  • Economic crash
  • Cultural changes
417
Q

What is dereliction?

A

When an area (Big/small) becomes RUN-DOWN + DILAPIDATED

418
Q

What are the 2 main types of dereliction in the UK

A

Dilapidated industrial and housing areas

419
Q

What is urban dereliction a cause and factor of?

A

A negative economic multiplier effect OR downward spiral

420
Q

What are the 4 strategies used to manage urban dereliction?

A

1) Land remediation
2) Regeneration schemes (most common)
3) Brownfield site development
4) Community action

421
Q

What are examples of regeneration schemes to manage dereliction?

A

UDCs
City Challenge
NDCs

422
Q

By how many % have brownfield site developments increased by since 1997?

A

24%

423
Q

What are 2 issues associated with brownfield developments?

A

1) More crime in city centres

2) Land needs to be decontaminated

424
Q

What is land remediation?

A

The process of decontaminating the environment

425
Q

Where has land remediation been used?

A

London Olympic park

  • 350 ha cleared
  • 80% soil retained
426
Q

Give an example of community action to manage dereliction

A

Detroit 40 community gardens, 6 tonnes produce yielded/year

427
Q

What are 3 advantages of brownfield developments?

A

1) Utilities in place
2) Closer to shops and amenities
3) Improves appearance of built environment endogenous factor

CAUSES POSITIVE MULTIPLIER EFFECT

428
Q

Who grew up on the Aylesbury estate?

A

Tiny Tempah

429
Q

When was Aylesbury estate built?

A

1967-1977 functional architecture, less attractive

430
Q

What has the Aylesbury estate been called?

A

“A symbol of the failure of British social housing”

431
Q

What have the farming projects in Detroit enabled?

A

More civic pride

432
Q

How many flats and buildings are there on the Aylesbury estate?

A

2500 flats

60 buildings

433
Q

What previous efforts have there been to resolve the dereliction on the Aylesbury estate?

A

Labour government gave £58 million 1998

434
Q

Why did 75% of residents on the Aylesbury estate reject the 1998 funding?

A

The plan attached to the funding involved 65% of the estate being demolished and being replaced with 1000 new dwellings sold to private buyers

435
Q

Why did crime rates on the Aylesbury estate drop in 1990s and 2000s?

A

New lighting installed

436
Q

What further plans for the Aylesbury estate did the government announce in 2015?

A

The remaining 50 buildings will be “unbuilt” (aka demolished!) and the estate will be gone by 2032

437
Q

What agents of change are involved in the redevelopment of Detroit?

A

Community groups to help restore civic pride and to re-establish racial integration since 1967 riots

438
Q

How large is London’s ecological footprint?

A

Double the size of the whole UK

439
Q

How large is Curitiba’s ecological footprint?

A

40% larger than Brazil’s!

440
Q

What is the UN 1987 definition of sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

441
Q

What 4 things do sustainable cities need to provide?

A

1) Employment opportunities
2) High standards of living
3) Fair governance
4) Clean, safe environment

442
Q

What does ‘Livability’ mean?

A

Means different things to different people

‘The characteristics of a city which can improve the quality of life for residents’

Eg access to green spaces, cultural engagement

443
Q

According the 2015 livability index, what city comes first?

A

Melbourne, AUS

444
Q

How many of the top 10 happiest countries are in the top 10 livability countries? Why is this

A

Only 4 of the ten happiest are in the ten livability-est

  • Happiness does not equal livability and is not a ranking component
445
Q

What is one method of creating a sustainable urban area?

A

The Egan Wheel model

446
Q

When was the Egan wheel made?

A

Made in 2001 for post-modern cities in the UK

447
Q

What is the main advantage + disadvantage of the Egan wheel?

A

+ Assesses the need as well as an evaluation

- A bit ambiguous use of terms such as “environmentally friendly”…

448
Q

What is the main advantage + disadvantage of classifying urban areas as systems?

A

+ A visual aid with boundaries to aid planning

- Boundary implies that urban areas have a confined impact (no global impact…)

449
Q

What is the main advantage + disadvantage of the 4 pillars of systainability?

A

+ Equal importance, allows planners to identify gaps

- Only focuses on a few features

450
Q

What are the 4 pillars of sustainability?

A 
A UN approach to sustainability
The 4 pillars are:
1) Social development
2) Economic development
3) Environmental management
4) Urban governance
451
Q

What 3 factors should be considered with urban sustainability?

A

1) Global impact
2) Ecological footprint
3) Livability and social factors

452
Q

What should be prioritised in developing countries to promote sustainability?

A

Focus on economic to enable social and environmental improvements

453
Q

What model has Copenhagen followed to be sustainable?

A

The 4 pillars model (UN)

454
Q

How has social development occurred in Copenhagen?

A
  • 2% employees work >40 hours/week
  • 250 cycle lanes
  • 1,000,000 fewer sick days
455
Q

How has economic development occurred in Copenhagen?

A
  • Financial centre of Denmark
  • Low unemployment
  • Lots of independent retailers
  • Start-up companies in the city
456
Q

How has urban governance occurred in Copenhagen?

A
  • More equality with the highest tax rates in the world
  • Citizens dialogue project allows for bottom-up
  • Gender equality
457
Q

How has environmental management occurred in Copenhagen?

A
  • Carbon neutral by 2025 (future gen thinking)
  • Cultural and recreation zones
  • Busses, tram and metro
  • 4% energy from offshore windfarm
  • 2007 ‘finger plan’ to protect the greenbelt
458
Q

For what 3 categories on the Egan wheel is Copenhagen good at?

A

1) Governance (citizens dialogue)
2) Equity (more tax)
3) Environment (C neutral by 2025)

459
Q

For what 2 categories on the Egan wheel is Copenhagen less good at?

A

1) Housing and built environment (only the ‘finger plan’)

2) Services

460
Q

What is resilliance?

A

The capacity of individuals, businesses and systems within cities to survive, adapt and grow, no matter what kinds of Chronic stress and acute shocks they experience

461
Q

Give an example of how chronic shocks can cause acute stress

A

Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans

462
Q

How is Seattle going to overcome the effects of climate change?

A
  • 70 year old sea wall replaced in 2017 which will be resistant to earthquakes an allow >9 metre sea level rise
  • More energy efficiency and public transport to abide by Paris Agreement
463
Q

How is Seattle resilient to Earthquakes?

A
  • Magnitude 9 earthquake practiced in 2005

- Use of Hazard Identification Vulnerability Assessment

464
Q

How has Seattle become more resilient to racial tensions?

A

Seattle equity initiative to integrate ethnic minorities because 75% African American renters cannot afford to live in the city

465
Q

How has Seattle become more resilient to the 93% house price increase in 2008-2018?

A

A ‘comprehensive’ housing plan has been created

466
Q

Why do urban areas emit less CO2?

A

Urban homes are smaller so less energy is required to heat them

467
Q

How much more % CO2 in rural areas transport?

A

66% more CO2

468
Q

What % of India’s trade does Mumbai handle?

A

30%

469
Q

In what ways is Mumbai a cultural hub?

A

Home to the Bollywood movie industry

470
Q

What was the Population of Mumbai in:
1970?
2016?

A

1970 = 5.9 million

2016 = 20.7 million

471
Q

What proportion of Mumbai’s population live in Slums?

A

50%

472
Q

What is the literacy rate in Mumbai’s slums?

A

60%

473
Q

What proportion of slum residents in Mumbai have access to healthcare?

A

30%

474
Q

How many people in Mumbai died in July 2005 Monsoon?

A

400 killed

475
Q

How many languages are there spoken in Mumbai?

A

16 Indian languages

476
Q

What environmental issues are there in Mumbai?

A
  • <0.003 acres open space for 1000 people
  • 7.5 million use trains each day
  • 11,000 tonnes rubbish each day
  • Area covered by the built environment has increased 4-fold since 1925
477
Q

What has Mumbai done to become more resilient to climate change and flooding?

A

Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan after 2005 monsoon flooding

(Thought to be ineffective because of continued developments on floodplains)

478
Q

How many people live in one sq mile in Dharavi, Mumbai?

A

1 million people

479
Q

How many people get diphtheria and typhoid in Dharavi each DAY?

A

4,000 each DAY!

480
Q

Why has Dharavi’s population grown?

A

3 railways and several major roads intersect there so there is lots of informal employment

481
Q

What are agents of change in Mumbai aiming to do?

A

Become more SMART

482
Q

Why is Mumbai an important city?

A
  • 40% India’s trade
  • 6% India’s GDP
  • 25% industrial output
483
Q

Under what classification of cites is Mumbai?

A

An Alpha world city in 2009

484
Q

How much would a redevelopment of Dharavi cost?

A

$2.2 billion

485
Q

What are some opportunities in Dharavi?

A
  • Cottage industry is thriving

- Residents are being offered 300-foot new properties (but requires proof of residency which many don’t have)

486
Q

When were swamps in Mumbai drianed?

A

In 1845, connecting 7 original islands

487
Q

How bad in pollution in Mumbai?

A

NOx is 3x over legal limits

488
Q

What proportion of people in London are ethnic minority?

A

44%. 50% by 2038

489
Q

How much of world trade is overseen in London?

A

37%

490
Q

How many foreign banks are there in London?

A

250 foreign banks

491
Q

What statistical summaries inequality in London?

A
  • Every £1 owned by bottom 10% the top 10% own £172

- Top 10th employees earn 4x more than bottom 10th

Geography (7 decks)

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