Human - Changing places Flashcards
What was Alton’s ‘traditional’ industry?
The agricultural industry
Until recently what was Alton’s largest employer?
The breweries
Name one area designated for housing in Alton. How many houses are planned to be built?
New development at ‘Windfalls’ with 254 homes planned to be built by 2028
Give some quotes of a long-term resident of Alton.
Steve, lived in Alton since 1979
- “Some integrate into the community, some move on”
- “Hollybourne looks like south Wimbledon”
- “More of a mix of different people”
- “We [Alton residents] feel very marginalised within the district”
What is the population of East Hampshire district, as of 2011 census?
115,600
How much did the population of East Hampshire increase between the 2001 and 2011 census’?
By 6,300 people (5.8%)
How many people (%) living in Alton were born outside the UK?
10% - 2011 census
What is the largest employment group in Alton?
Professionals - 18.7%
Name some education institutions in Alton.
- Alton College
- Amery Hill Sch
- Eggars
- Anstey Jr Sch
- Alton Convent Sch
How many buildings in Alton are classified as A1 use (Shops and retail)?
68 of 134 (As of 2011)
What is the project for rebranding Alton called?
“Alton 2020 - A plan to shape Alton’s future” set up by town community in 2005
When did Alton Town Council identify a need to think about the future?
In May 2002
How can an Economic Multiplier Effect benefit Alton?
- If one business relocates to Alton other businesses are likely to as well
- More jobs will be created
- The economic makeup of Alton will become more diverse
Name some attractions in and around Alton.
- Watercress line
- Jane Austen’s house, Chawton
- The Curtis Museum
- Gilbert White’s house, Selbourne
- South Down’s national park
What are the agents of change involved in re-branding Alton?
- Alton Town council
- EHDC/Hants county council
- Alton chamber of commerce
- Jane Austen Museum
- Hampshire cultural trust
How has Alton rebranded itself through the town’s heritage?
- Jane Austen Trail
- Post cards
- Road signs in 2017
- Regency week
- “Sitting with Jane” bench trail
What have EHDC added to the Curtis Museum to bring in more visitors?
- Book called “Jane Austen’s Alton”
- Guided walks around Alton
- Costume displays
What has the Town Design Statement (TDS) done to help rebrand Alton?
- TDS made in 2005
- Implements planning and design regulations for the town (called guidelines)
The Alton TDS looked at 5 key categories in designing the town. What are they?
- Setting + landscape
- Settlement patterns
- Architecture and building placement
- Natural environment and spaces
- Transport and accessibility
What does “Alton 2020 - A plan to shape Alton’s future” focus on?
- The economy
- Social issues
- Traffic and congestion
- The environment
In the UK how are economic sectors split (%)?
Primary 3%
Secondary 25%
Tertiary 70%
Quaternary 2%
When did the Brewery close in Alton?
In 2015
What are the ‘3 Vs’ of Big Data?
Variety = Lots of different types, quant/qual-itative Volume = Large quantities, 'big' Velocity = Very new and up-to-date
What is Big Data?
- A method used by businesses land government organisations
- Looks at patterns and trends of large populations or samples
Name 3 headline health statistics on Alton.
- 12.9% of children are obese
- High numbers killed on roads
- Many Adults of an excess weight
What is the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?
- A survey published for communities and local governments on a regular basis
- Show how DEPRIVED an area is - not affluence
- Ranks 32800 neighbourhoods
What are the 7 categories that the IMD is ranked upon?
- Income 22.5%
- Employment 22.5%
- Education 13.5%
- Health 13.5%
- Crime 9.3%
- Barriers to housing and services 9.3%
- Living environment 9.3%
What are some benefits of the IMD?
+ Split into categories and weighs them by importance
+ As up-to-date as possible
+ Can be presented on a map
When was Alton’s town profile raised during the middle ages?
- 1307 with right to hold a fair
- ‘Market town’ in Doomsday Book
What was Alton’s main industry in the middle ages?
The weaving industry (and agriculture)
How did the industries based in Alton begin to change in the 18th Century?
- Weaving industry replaced by hops
- River Wey provided clean water
- Weaving lost to mass production in Derbyshire
When did the first brewery open in Alton?
In 1763
What was the population of Alton between 1801 and 1851?
1000
What major event in 1852 helped to improve sanitation within Alton?
The sewerage works opened
When did the railway between Alton and London open?
In 1852
When did the train line leading to Winchester from Alton close?
In 1975, 4 years after the A31 bypass was built
What campaign did the Alton Herald start?
Shop locally campaign
According to the IMD, what is Alton’s most deprived neighbourhood?
- Alton Eastbrook ward
- 9500/38000 most deprived
- Most deprived neighbourhood in East Hants
How many wards are there in Alton?
9
What is an example of conflict within Alton?
The Alton leisure centre redevelopment
When was the (soon to be replaced) leisure centre in Alton built?
1972
How much has the new leisure centre in Alton cost?
£20 million
Name 3 positives of a new leisure centre in Alton.
+ State-of-the-art leisure centre with modern equipment
+ A hub for the town
+ Self-funded, doesn’t coat the taxpayer
Name 2 negatives of a new leisure centre in Alton.
- Insufficient long-term benefits to the community
- Councillor Dean Phillips concerned of environmental impact
What are the agents of change regarding the new leisure centre in Alton?
- Local and national governments
- 3rd party investors
What are the flows attributing to the conflict surrounding the new leisure centre in Alton?
- Money/investment, gladly accepted by most but some believe it is insufficient
- More people will visit the leisure centre and Alton generally; bringing money but some worry it will be crowded
What is the most up-to-date estimate of the population of Alton?
What is the male/female split (%)?
18,200
51% female, 49% male
What percentage of Alton’s population identify themselves as christian?
60%
How many buildings in Alton are designated council houses?
250 council houses
What is the pub:park ratio in Alton?
3:1;
3 pubs for every designated park
How many of Alton’s residents drive?
40%
At Alton’s peak, how many breweries were there?
12, with the last closing in 2015
What was the idea behind Bournville?
To create a garden village in the late 19th century with a suitable environment, with utilities for Cadbury workers
How much of Bournville is parks (%)?
10%
What title was Bournville given in 2003?
“The nicest town in Britain” by the Joseph Rountree foundation
What were the agents of change behind Bournville?
The Cadbury family (private individuals)
What flows were involved in Bournville?
- MONEY AND INVESTMENT from the Cadbury family and company
- The initial IDEA of the garden village
What happened to Devonport in 1952?
- The navy took over the town centre as a storage area
- A 3 metre high wall was built for security
- Separated residents
What other issues adversely affected Devonport in the ’70s and 80s?
Military cutbacks cause naval jobs to decline and become less wealthy, causing further social and economic issues.
What helped to change Devonport (recently; for the better)?
- 2001-2011 ‘new deal for communities initiative
- Addressed crime, community, housing, education and employment over 10 years
What was done to improve Devonport?
- Naval wall removed
- Old flats demolished
- Landmarks incorporated into redevelopments
- New village by the sea deveopment
What were the agents of change behind Devonport?
- Local and national government ‘new deal for communities iniciative’
- Community groups like Pembroke street estate management
What were the flows in Devonport changing?
- Investment for housing and redevelopment
- Ideas to incorporate landmarks
- More people of different backgrounds moving in
What is Medellin nicknamed?
“The city of eternal spring”
What did Medellin use to have a reputation for?
- Drugs and violence
- Used to be called “Most dangourous city in the world
Who ‘controlled’ Medellin until their death in 1993?
The Drug Lord Pablo Escobar
What is the current population of Medellin?
2.2 million
What has been done to improve Medellin recently?
- The city has become a model for urban regeneration and planning
- Outdoor escalators and a cable car to transport residents from suburbs to the thriving centre
- New Bus transit systems called ‘metrobus’
- Trams, Encicla (free bikes)
What are some of the problems still present in Medellin Today?
- Inequality between rich and poor has increased
- Crime rates still high
- Physical terrain means more transport improvements are hard
What were the agents of change behind Medellin?
- National and local government investment
- Community groups, EnCicla bike project
What are the flows behind Medellin’s regeneration?
- Money and investment in transport and social services
- New ideas like EnCicla for sustainable development
What state is Detroit in?
Michigan State, on the northern lakes
Name 4 reasons for boom in Detroit
- Steel belt boom in the 20th century especially
- Located in a central location in USA, on the lakes
- Assembly lines used by Ford during production
- Black workers migrated from prejudice in the southern states and helped maintain a suitable workforce
In what year did Detroit have the highest income in USA?
1960
How many available jobs were there i Detroit in 1950?
Nearly 300,000
When did Henry Ford found his company in Detroit?
In 1903
In 1979 Detroit elected the first African-American mayor. What was his name?
Colman A. Young
At the company’s peak, what proportion of cars in the US did general motors produce?
4/5
Following the ‘bust’ of Detroit, what was a major educational issue?
Nearly 50% of the population are illiterate
Nowadays, what proportion of ambulances work in Detroit?
Only 1/3
What was the problem of relying on a single industry in Detroit?
- There were only 3 main companies in Detroit
- All the companies restructured all at once, v. risky
- Racial tensions mean people were reluctant to work alongside the opposite race
- Workers strikes moved factories the the suburbs
- The car industry faced competition from Japan in the 1970s and became more mechanized
How did racial tensions cause problems in Detroit?
- Racial riots in 1967
- Black population increased by 20% between 1950 and 1970
- Today 82% of population are black
- Post-riots people were reluctant to work
What are some limitations of the IMD?
- Only 7 categories
- Unequal weighting
- Does not include affluence (misleading)
Define ‘place’.
A particular position,point, area in space
Define ‘placelessness’.
A place that could be anywhere, lacks uniqueness.
Define location.
A point on a map
Define locale
What a place is like - social and environmental characteristics and particular evens associated with that place
Define sense of place
How people feel about a place, affected by locale
What is Yi Fu Tuan’s theory surrounding places?
Physical horizons expand with our physical ability to explore the world. Attachment increases with age as we learn about the surrounding environment.
What is meant by ‘perception of place’?
The way a place is viewed - often influenced by the media/experiences.
What is place making?
The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction to improve the quality of life within a community
What is a descriptive approach to places?
The world is a set of places, each place can be studied and is distant
What is a social constructionist approach?
That places are a product of a set of social processes
Name 2 artistic sources about Alton.
Pam Pell Art - Prints inspired by national rail lithographs
Louisa May - Wrote a poem in 1908 about Alton
Name 2 wealthier wards in Alton.
Treloars Estate + Kings Pond
What is the average house price in wealthy parts of Alton?
£450,000
Name 2 poorer wards in Alton.
Manor Park Estate + Wootleys Estate
What is the average house price in poorer parts of Alton?
£280,000
When was electricity provided in Alton?
1927
When was Eggars school founded?
1640
How many pubs are there in Alton?
6
At its peak, how many breweries were there in Alton?
12
What is the largest park in Alton?
Victoria park
Where does the name “Alton” derive from?
Anglo Saxon for “Farmstead at the source of the river [Wey]”
When was the first market recorded in Alton?
In 1288
What famous event is held in Kingsley (nr. Alton) each yar?
Western Europe’s largest Eid festival
What is the Quaker house in Alton famous for?
It is the 2nd oldest Quaker house in the UK
What percentage of Alton’s population is over 60?
26%, 5% higher than the Hants average
What percentage of Alton’s population are on benefits?
7%, 1% lower than Hants average
How many people lost their jobs when the brewery closed in Alton?
108
What are the “3 components which create a place”?
- Physical Setting
- Conceptions
- Activity
What are the 3 revolutions responsible for globalisation?
- Communications revolution
- Transport revolution
- Rights revolution
What are “switched-on” places?
Places connected to other places through the trade of goods
What does NIMBY stand for?
Not In My BackYard - opposing developments which threaten an place’s locale. E.g. Fracking
What is “Hostile Architecture”?
Building designs and urban plans which discriminate against a particular group(s).
What examples are there of hostile architecture in Alton?
Bricks positioned diagonally outside the magistrates court in Alton
Link hostile Architecture to contempary urban…
“Fortress Landscapes” are a form of urban landscape which is designed with security taking priority, eg LA.
What 4 factors make a great place?
CASA
CASA (house in spanish!)
- Comfort
- Activities
- Sociability
- Access
Give an example of how art as a medium has portrayed a place.
The painter Constable portrayed the countryside as nice - a rural idyll which did not exist in the 19th century
Who was Charles Booth?
A British social scientist who documented working class life in London at the end of the 19th century.
What did Charles Booth identify Notting Hill area as?
“Almost criminal poverty”. Now the most expensive part of London. Link to CUE
How much of Bourneville is parkland?
10%
What major event happened in 2011 in Devonport?
The “new deal for communities” initiative secured funding to improve deprived areas for 10 years
What are agents of change?
People or organisations who impact a place through living+ working
What are endogenous factors?
Factors which affect the character of a place which originate internally.
What are exogenous factors?
Factors which affect the character of a place which originate externally. Relationships with other places
What is the definition of infrastructure?
Services considered essential to enhance conditions
Give 4 examples of exogenous factors
- People
- Capital
- Resources
- Ideas
That does “David Beckham Likes To Eat Lollies In the Park” stand for?
The endogenous factors; David = Demographic Beckham = Built environment Likes = Land use To = Topography Eat = Economic Lollies = Location In = Infrastructure Park = Physical geo
What is “place memory”?
Being able to make a place come back to life in the future with use of artefacts (eg photos)
What is “place marketing”?
Marketing or PR companies employed by governments to improve perceptions of places
What is “re-imaging”?
Dissociating from pre-existing stereotypes
What is “Rebranding”?
The way(s) a place is redeveloped and marketed so that it gains a new identity
What is “regeneration”?
Long-term process with social, envi, economic action to reverse urban decline and to create sustainable communities
How does John Agnew describe “place”?
“A meaningful location” - 1989
What is “Topophilia”
An idea designed by Yi Fu Tuan to describe the bond between people and places. Experience and perception of a location turns it into a place
Give an example of a social constructionist approach.
Trafalgar square and Nelson’s monument
What are the 4 flows in places?
- People
- Resources
- Money and investment
- Ideas
What are the 8 agents of change?
- National governments
- Local Governments
- Local community groups
- TNCs
- Individuals
- International institutions
- Global institutions
- National institutions
Name some agents of change in Medellin.
- Individuals, Pablo Escobar’s death
- National government and institution investment
- Community groups, Encicla bicycles
Name some agents of change in Devonport.
- Navy (national government/institutions)
- New deal for communities initiative nat. institution
Name some agents of change in Bourneville.
- Individuals - Cadbury family
Name some “flows” in Bourneville.
- Ideas for the garden city movements
- Investment from the cadbury family
Name some “flows” in Devonport.
- Ideas, investment, resources and money all attributed
Name some “flows” in Medellin.
- Money from NGOs and governments
- Ideas like encicla bicycle hire and cable car
What is the process of a space becoming a place called?
Spaciallity
What is a “contested place”?
A place where tension or conflict has arisen due to disagreements between stakeholders into how a place should be managed
What are some methods of peacemaking?
- Rebranding
- Urban renewal/revival
- Social inclusion
- Heritage preservation
- Economic regeneration
- Housing demand
- Investment
What is the major issue with top-down decisions?
Not everyone has a say in the outcome
What is a flagship development?
A large-scale, one-off project to kickstart more regeneration. Eg Belfast Waterfront
What is a “Legacy” approach to placemaking?
The continuation of regeneration after a major event. eg Stratford after London 2012
Give an endogenous factors which attributed to the ‘boom’ and the ‘bust’ in Detroit.
- Located centrally in the US, on the great lakes so products could be traded to American customers
- The central location resulted in isolation from the sea so international trade couldn’t occur so easily
Why did black people arrive in Detroit?
They were persecuted by the KKK in southern states and moved to the north for freedom. (Exogenous factor)
When did the African-American population exceed the white population in Detroit?
1973
How many manufacturing jobs were there in Detroit in 1950?
290,000 jobs
What boosted production in Detroit during WW2?
Ford started to produce bombers in 1944
When was Motown founded in Detroit?
1959
In the present day, how many people are illiterate in Detroit?
47%
How many ambulances currently work in Detroit?
1 in 3
How by much had the population of Detroit declined by 2011?
25%
What did the mayor of Detroit do in 2013?
He declared a state of emergency following mass unemployment
How many workers now work for GM in Detroit?
6000
Give a quote (qualitative evidence) on Detroit.
“The city is abandoned, we are abandoned. Parts of the city have the highest rate of unemployment in the state [Michigan]”
Why did relying on a single industry adversely affect Detroit?
- Couldn’t trade outside the US
- Unions had too much control
- Car industry was mechanized in the 1970s
- 1970 fuel crisis
Why did racial tensions adversely affect Detroit?
- Riots in 1967 disrupted work
- Reluctance for mixed-race work
Why did poor leadership adversely affect Detroit?
A number of poor decisions were made by majors
Why did the lack of an efficient transit system adversely affect Detroit?
- Money only invested in automobile transport, not public transport systems
- First efficient railway arrived in 2016
What were the 4 causes of decline in Detroit?
In no particular order
- Reliance on a single industry
- Racial tensions
- Poor leadership
- Lack of an efficient transit systems
Who ‘established’ LLandudno?
The Mostyn Family in the late 19th century
When did the “Rabbit Hole Museum” close in LLandudno?
In 2009, prompting a regeneration project
What has been done to rebrand Llandudno?
- New sculptures from ‘Alice in Wonderland’ added in 2012
- 3D trail for visitors in augmented reality on an app
Who are the agents of change in Llandudno?
- Local community groups ‘ALICE ltd’
- Local governments; Conwy County council
- Individuals; Mostyn Family
- National institutions; visit Wales introduced trails
How did local residents describe the statues installed in Llandudno?
+ve “A great asset to the town”
-ve “Pointless”
Name one community group responsible for imagining/rebranding Llandudno.
ALICE ltd; Alice Liddell Innovative Community Enterprise
How is “Alice In Wonderland” celebrated in Llandudno?
Alice day is held every may
How has the new trail via statues in Llandudo improved business?
The trail passes landmarks and in doing so also passes businesses
What was Glasgow’s traditional industry?
Ship building, with the QE2 + Royal Yacht Britannia
Is much of the ‘industrial, old Glasgow’ still present?
Not really. “Only recognisable thing today is the water”
What was the ‘Glasgow miles better’ campaign?
A campaign which started in the 1980s which is seen as very unsuccessful
How is Glasgow perceived today? (quote)
The “people’s city in Scotland”
Between Glasgow and Edinburgh, which receives more tourists?
Edinburgh
How has the rebranding of Glasgow been seen (quote)?
“A model of renaissance and regeneration”
How much more people are employed in tourism in Glasgow compared to how many ship building used to?
20,000
What has replaced the shipyards in Glasgow?
Flats
What was the largest Agent of change in Glasgow?
National and local governments, with Scottish Government raising £125 million for the 2014 commonwealth games and organising other groups
What was the slogan for Glasgow rebranding?
“People make Glasgow”
How many people visit Glasgow each year?
3 million
How many shipyards were there in Glasgow at its peak?
40 shipyards
How many museums have been constructed in Glasgow following the rebranding project?
2 new museums and conference centres
How has Glasgow reconnected poor parts of the city?
The Tradeston bridge
What proportion of jobs on the west coast of Scotland are in Glasgow?
25% (west coast is 300 miles long!)
By what percentage have jobs increased in Glasgow?
30% more jobs (60,000)
How many people got jobs for the 2014 commonwealth games in Glasgow?
15,000 new jobs, some permanent
What festival is held at Pafic quay in Glasgow each year?
The Glasgow garden festival. Held on old old industrial sites (+ve envi)
What ‘new’ medium was used by “people make Glasgow” group to spread awareness?
Social media, particularly Facebook was used to research peoples concerns
How was the strap-line “People Make Glasgow” chosen?
The organisers used crowd sourcing on Facebook from 1500 people from 42 countries
What are some problems with rebranding?
- Needs to be bottom-up to fully understand a place (Yi Fu Tuan)
- Can lead to gentrification and people leaving (Link CUE)
What is a ‘bonus’ rebranding example?
Amsterdam, with “I am Amsterdam” motto.
Why was Amsterdam rebranded?
To compete with other growing tourist destinations in Europe
What are formal representations?
Objective, fact-based data. Includes census’
What are the pros and cons of quantitative data?
+ve Comparable
-ve easily manipulated
What is counter-mapping?
A bottom-up method whereby communities produce their own maps
Give an example of counter-mapping
Adam Dant created a map of Spitalfields, E. London with 50 portraits of famous people who made that place
What is the Mercator projection?
A method used to show world maps which is europe-central and disproportionate with its size
What is biomapping?
Mapping the emotions of people
What are the pros and cons of interviews?
\+ Generate insights into sense of place \+ Can be structured efficiently - Bias with leading questions - Questions might not be open-ended - Miss-portrayal in a good light
What do Ethanologists do?
Study the actions and behaviour of people by participating in the same activity. Good way of finding out about a place/perceptions
What were the main industries in Stratford?
- The railways, lying at a major junction
- Docks on the river Thames
How was Stratford represented prior to regeneration?
Part of East London and as such became famous for its cockney slang
What London borough is Straford in?
Newham borough
What caused the biggest decline of industry in Stratford?
The Blitz in WW2 and railway cutbacks in the 1950s
What is the current population of Stratford?
100,000
When did the railways first arrive in Stratford?
In 1839 with the Great Eastern Railway company
When was St Johns church in Stratford built? Why?
Built in 1834 due to population growth
When did the Stratford centre (old shopping centre) open?
In 1974
What percentage of the population in Stratford are white British?
21%
What percentage of jobs in Newham borough are low paid?
29% with many informal contracts
What proportion of residents in stratford used to live on the Carpenters estate?
Nearly a third
How many crimes were there recorded in Dec 2018 in Stratford?
600
How many crimes were there recorded in Dec 2018 in Alton?
<100
What is the mean number of hours worked in Stratford each week?
32 hours/week
What was the motto behind the London 2012 olympics held in Stratford?
“Inspire a generation”
How much did it cost to refurbish the stadium in Stratford for West Ham?
£2 million, employing 5000 people
What is the new shopping centre in Stratford called?
Westfield shopping centre
What were the Agents of change involved in the regeneration of Stratford?
- National governments (Blair government securing olympics in 2005)
- Individuals; Seb Coe, Dame Tessa Jowell
- International groups like olympic comity
What will replace the the Carpenters estate in Stratford?
A new UCL and bbk campus
What endogenous factor is disputed in Stratford?
The built environment with the Carpenters estate conflict
I what ways can the regeneration of Stratford and the olympic park been seen as a success?
The regeneration has been more successful than other olympic redevelopments of recent times
What component of the olympic park has been least successful?
The orbit sculpture has been expensive to build and run, £20 to go down the slide
How many people (net) have visited Stratford post-regeneration?
Over 10 million, a major positive impact.
How does more visitors to a place benefit the area?
With more people visiting more people spend money at local businesses which can be invested back into the area
What % of residents in Stratford feel “content” with regeneration?
72%
How many people visit westfield shopping centre (Stratford)each year?
50 million
What is the furthest distance which families living in the carpenters estate (stratford) moved?
Some have gone as Manchester, according to the Gardian
How much CO2 did London 2012 produce?
3.3 million tonnes, however 29 million tonnes in china/day
How much have house prices risen by since 2010 in Stratford?
60%
What is the Child poverty rate in Stratford?
32%
What was fridge city?
A 20’ mountain of discarded fridges. largest in Europe
Since the Olympics what has Stratford been called?
“The capital of the East”
Who was Mayor of Newham in the ‘Carpenters crisis’?
Sir Robin Wells
What is the Bristol pound?
A local currency introduced in 2011 to encourage people to shop locally
What is the transition town movement?
A worldwide indicative adopted in 2007 to help respond to the threats of climate change by tackling issues like globalisation
