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human transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the blood composed of

A

45% red blood cells
white blood cells <1%
platelets <1%
55% plasma

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2
Q

what is the role of plasma in transport?

A

transports:
- CO2
- digested food & mineral ions
- urea
- hormones
- heat energy

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3
Q

how does plasma transport CO2?

A

dissolved in plasma as hydrogen-carbonate ions and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

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4
Q

how does plasma transport digested food and mineral ions?

A

dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

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5
Q

how does plasma transport urea?

A

dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

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6
Q

how are red blood cells adapted?

A
  1. full of haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  2. no nucleus - allows more space for haemoglobin to be packed in
  3. biconcave disc - large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion of oxygen
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7
Q

what is the role of phagocytes?

A

carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

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8
Q

how do phagocytes carry out phagocytosis?

A
  1. have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells
  2. Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes to digest it
  3. This is a non-specific immune response
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9
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes?

A

To produce antibodies

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10
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins with a shape that is specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen

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11
Q

How do antibodies destroy pathogens?

A
  1. Antibodies attach to the antigens and cause agglutination (clumping together)
  2. So, the pathogenic cells cannot move very easily
  3. At the same time, chemicals are released that signal to phagocytes that there are cells present that need to be destroyed
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12
Q

what is an antigen?

A

a molecule found on the surface of a cell

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13
Q

what is the point of vaccinations?

A

to induce immunity to infectious diseases

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14
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. Lymphocytes recognise the antigens in the bloodstream
  2. The activated lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the antigen encountered
  3. Memory cells and antibodies subsequently remain circulating in the blood stream
  4. Future infection by the same pathogen will trigger a response that is much faster and much larger compared to the initial response
  5. Due to the rapid nature of the response, the pathogen is unable to cause disease and the individual is said to be immune
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15
Q

why are vaccines important?

A

reduce the likelihood that an infected individual will spread the pathogen to others

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16
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting

17
Q

how do platelets cause blood clotting?

A
  1. When the skin is broken platelets arrive to stop the bleeding
  2. A series of reactions occur within the blood plasma
  3. Platelets release chemicals that cause SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN PROTEINS to convert into INSOLUBLE FIBRIN and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot
  4. The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering
18
Q

WHAT’S THE IMPORTANCE of blood clotting

A

prevents continued / significant blood loss
prevents entry of microorganisms that could cause infection

19
Q

where does oxygenated blood come from

A

from the lungs enters the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body (the systemic circuit)

20
Q

where does deoxygenated blood come from

A

from the body enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs (the pulmonary circuit)

21
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right

A

it has to pump blood at high pressure around the entire body,

22
Q

do veins pump blood towards or away from the heart?

A

Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins

23
Q

do arteries pump blood towards or away from the heart?

A

away from the heart

24
Q

what is. the role of valves?

A

to prevent backflow of blood

25
Q

describe the pathway of blood through the heart

A
  1. DEOXYGENATED BLOOD coming from the body flows through the vena cava and into the right atrium
  2. The atrium contracts and the blood is forced through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the right ventricle
  3. The ventricle contracts and the blood is pushed through the SEMILUNAR VALVE into the pulmonary artery
  4. The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where GAS EXCHANGE takes place
  5. LOW PRESSURE blood flow on this side of the heart prevents damage to the capillaries in the lungs
  6. Oxygenated blood returns via the PULMONARY VEIN to the left atrium
  7. The atrium contracts and forces the blood through the BISCUSPID VALVE into the left ventricle
  8. The ventricle contracts and the blood is forced through the SEMILUNAR VALVE and out through the aorta
26
Q

how does exercise affect heart rate?

A

cells of the muscles respire more rapidly in order to provide energy for muscle contraction

increase in respiration means an increase in requirement for oxygen and glucose as well as an increase in production of waste products that need to be removed

  • HEART RATE INCREASES to deliver oxygen and glucose and remove waste more frequently
  • VOLUME OF BLOOD pumped out of the heart also increases to deliver bigger quantities of oxygen and glucose
27
Q

what else increases heart rate?

A

adrenaline increases heart rate as part of a ‘fight or flight’ response

28
Q

At the end of a period of exercise why might the heart rate keep high?

A

oxygen is required in the muscles to break down the lactic acid from anaerobic respiration
This is how the oxygen debt is paid off

29
Q

what are causes or coronary heart disease?

A
  1. Obesity
    - Carrying extra weight puts a strain on the heart
    - Increased weight can lead to diabetes which further damages your blood vessels
  2. High blood pressure
    - This increases the force of the blood against the artery walls and consequently leads to damage of the vessels
  3. High cholesterol
    - Speeds up the build up of fatty plaques in the arteries leading to blockages
  4. Smoking
    - Chemicals in smoke cause an increase in plaque build up and an increase in blood pressure
    - Carbon monoxide also reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells

Biology (13 decks)

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