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Geography > Human- Topic 5 > Flashcards

Human- Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do some areas in the uk have high levels of poverty

A
  • few employment opportunities
  • lots of unusable farmland
  • mostly lower payed primary and secondary sector jobs
  • young people moving away because of lack of jobs
  • no services because of the lack of young people
  • industrial jobs have not been replaces
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2
Q

Why do urban cores have younger populations

A
  • lots of jobs for young people in the city
  • better paid jobs in the city for young people
  • Bigger variety of jobs
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3
Q

Why do urban areas have more economic activities

A
  • Urban areas have a higher concentration of economic activity (60% of jobs are found there)
  • Main employment opportunities are in the tertiary sector
  • Lots of well paid jobs in urban areas
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4
Q

Why do rural areas do less economic activities

A
  • There are fewer job opportunities
  • The jobs are less well paid and usually in the primary of secondary sector
  • There is mainly seasonal jobs (cafes and hotels in the summer)
  • People live in rural areas and commute into the city to work but do not invest much in the local area
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5
Q

Why do urban areas have high populations densities

A
  • higher paid jobs
  • higher variety and amount of jobs
  • lots of transport options so more people can access the area
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6
Q

Why are some areas sparsely populated

A
  • Lack of job opportunities
  • Lack of higher paid jobs
  • Lack of services and young people
  • Lack of transport links
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7
Q

How do enterprise zones reduce wealth divides

A

Enterprise zones are zones set up by the government in order to try and boost economic activity in that area . Companies get a range of benefits for setting up in an enterprise zones ( e.g. reduced taxes, simpler planning rules and improved infrastructure). These benefits help to entice businesses to set up in these areas . This produces jobs and income for that area , reducing the wealth divide .

One set up in dorset is hoping to create more than 2000 jobs

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8
Q

How does transport infrastructure reduce wealth divides

A

-Transport allows a quicker commute from rural areas to big cities . This means more rural people can get jobs in the city and bring higher incomes back to the rural areas .
E.g. HS2

-Local improvements to transport also allow more accessibility to rural areas. This makes businesses more likely to set up in these areas due to the decreased travel times. This brings jobs and income to that area

E.g. road from Heysham to the M6

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9
Q

How do regional development zones help to reduce wealth divides

A

The Eu invests in small high tech companies and provides training for local people to improve their skills and help them get better paid jobs . The Eu also funds infrastructure which attracts businesses to the rural areas where the infrastructure is put up. This provides jobs and better incomes

The Eu have also set up the common agricultural policy which ensures Eu farmers can earn a living from farming . It also assists young farmers starting up and helps them make a living

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10
Q

How has the distribution of people changed in the UK

A
  • Many older people move to coastal areas in the south west to retire
  • Young and international migrants move to cities in search opportunities
  • Wealthy people move away from cities such as London looking for a better quality of Life
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11
Q

How has the age structure in the Uk changed

A
  • The amount of young people(20-30) has increased as this is the age of most of the migrants moving to the UK in search of opportunities
  • The birth rate is also going up as most of the migrants are of birth bearing age(27 % of the babies in the uk are from migrants)
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12
Q

How has diversity in the Uk changed

A
  • post war immigration encouragement (to fill skill sets to help rebuild economy ) has led to a large asian and Caribbean population in the UK making up nearly 10% of the population
  • In 1995 the EU passed a free movement of people act within the EU. This led to an increase in migration to the UK
  • In 2004, 8 new countries joined the EU . Increasing migration even more
  • The non british white population has also increased
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13
Q

Why have primary sector jobs declined

A
  • Farming has become more mechanised
  • The mining industry has declined due to there being cheaper fuels now
  • cheaper labour abroad
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14
Q

Why have secondary sector jobs declined

A
  • increase in technology - robots taking over jobs
  • cheaper labour abroad
  • decline from 36% of jobs in 1961 to 11% in 2011
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15
Q

Why have tertiary and quaternary sectors increased

A
  • increase in disposable income - more money to spend on services
  • service sector is largest sector now - 2.9 million people
  • Lots of investment into quaternary sector
  • lots of new highly skilled uni graduates working in the quaternary sector
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16
Q

Why is it good that FDI is growing in the UK

A
  • It means more jobs are created in the Uk as more companies are basing officies and factories in the UK
  • It boosts the economy
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17
Q

How has globalisation increased FDI in the UK

A
  • Transport and communication has improved as a result of globalisation making it easier for companies to operate in the UK
  • London has become a financials centre with lots of business culture and networking opportunities. This attracts many foreign banks to Londom
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18
Q

Why has FDI increased as a result of privatisation

A
  • Services previously owned by the government are now offered to private firms this increases FDI as foreign firms can buy them and merge them with existing business
  • e,g scottish power owned by a spanish company
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19
Q

Why has FDI increased as a result of free trade policies

A
  • Free trade policies reduce import and export restrictions making it easier for companies to trade
  • This increases FDI as goods are traded to the uk
  • Also companies set up in the Uk in order to access the Free trade policy increasing FDI
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20
Q

Why can TNC’s be good

A
  • Jobs are created by TNC’s
  • Large scale projects and infrastructure can be built that the UK government cannot afford
  • TNC’s lead the way in creating new products and technologies which can be used by other firms
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21
Q

Why can TNC’s be bad

A
  • There can be over reliance on TNC’s -if there is a problem somewhere else in the world it can affect the UK economy
  • Local business can struggle to compete with TNC’s and can be forced to shut down
  • There are massive affects if the TNC decides to relocate
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22
Q

Where is London sited

A

London is sited on the flat floodplain of the river Thames

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23
Q

What is Londons situation

A
  • important financial centre
  • essential for uk economy (20% of the UK’s income comes from London )
  • transport hub(airports , channel tunnel)
  • attracts lots of companies-brings wealth and jobs to surrounding areas
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24
Q

Describe the CBD

A

The main land use is commercial in the CBD and there is a mix of high rise office buildings and old landmarks . Land is expensive and building density is high . There is little green space .

25
Q

Describe the inner city

A

The inner city’s main land use is residential. The building density is high .Some higher class areas have lots of terraced houses with gardens for the houses and high quality green space. Some lower class areas have high rise flats and old terraced housing and low environmental quality .

26
Q

Describe the suburbs

A

The main land use in the suburbs is middle class residential . The houses are mainly good quality and semi detached.Most houses have gardens and there is good green space

27
Q

Describe the rural urban fringe

A

The rural urban fringe consists of industrial parts and large houses with gardens. The area has lots of green space and is often inhabited by people living in the city

28
Q

Why is Londons population growing

A
  • National migration :young adults from the UK move to the city to for work and study
  • International migration:100 thousand people moved to London in 2014
  • Internal population growth:young migrants of birth bearing age coming to London mean that there are more people being born that dying
29
Q

Why does the inner city have the highest amount of people moving in and out

A
  • Wealthy people move out to seek a better quality of life in the suburbs
  • Highly skilled migrants move in to get high paid jobs(banking)
  • Low skilled migrants move in to get low skilled jobs ( catering ,cleaning)
30
Q

Where do migrants who stay longer tend to move to

A

The suburbs where there may be large diverse communities

31
Q

How has migration changed the age structure

A

High proportion of migrants are aged 25-34 and are of working age. There are now more young people and less old people

32
Q

How has migration changed the amount of ethnicity in London

A

Diversity is rapidly growing in inner city areas such as in Newham where 52% of people are foreign born

33
Q

How has the population changed as a result of migration

A

The population is growing because of high immigration rates and because most migrants are of child bearing age

34
Q

How has housing changed as a result of migration

A

Housing is becoming overcrowded because of the high rates of immigration . There is high demand for council houses in the inner city as they are more affordable

35
Q

How have services changed as a result of migration

A

In inner city areas demand for services is increasing in areas where immigration is high. This puts more pressure on healthcare and education. These areas are often among the poorest so it is hard to provide for the needs of the people.

36
Q

What is the IDM(index of multiple deprivation)

A

The IDM is a measure that combines lots of social factors e.g crime and employment to give an overall figure for quality of life. Deprived areas have a low quality of life .

37
Q

Where is deprivation usually higher

A

Deprivation is usually higher in the inner city as that is where most of the poor quality affordable housing is and it is closer to the city so no car is required

38
Q

Why can services not operate as well in deprived areas

A
  • rapid population growth and high turnover of people puts lots of pressure on services in deprived areas
  • There is less funding for services in deprived areas as poorer people pay less tax
39
Q

Why does deprivation affect peoples access to education

A
  • The best state schools are over subscribed and hard to get into
  • private schools are too expensive so deprived children end up getting sent to under performing state schools where they may end up with no qualifications and will get stuck in a cycle of poverty as they cant get a job
40
Q

Why does deprivation affect peoples health

A
  • NHS services are often overwhelmed in deprived areas because of the demand
  • people cant afford private healthcare
  • unhealthy lifestyles are often more common in deprived areas this means that the life expectancy is lower
41
Q

Why does deprivation affect employment

A

There are few higher paid job opportunities in the inner cities as most new industries move to the suburbs . This leaves people in the inner cities without higher paid job opportunities

42
Q

Why has the inner city and CBD declined

A
  • The decline of the docks and manufacturing has led to mass unemployment
  • mass unemployment has led to many families having to leave London
  • The building of satellite towns(e.g Milton Keynes)has led to further depopulation
  • This depopulation has led to a decline in services e.g education because there are not enough people to continue them
  • Businesses leaving central London(decentralisation)because of high rent has led to further decline as there is less employment
  • The rise of Online shopping has also led to many high street shops having to shut down which has led to unemployment
43
Q

How have financial services and TNCs investment led to economic growth in the inner city

A

-The growth of London as a financial centre is revitalising the CBD .Many TNCs locate in London now because of its importance as a financial centre . This creates Jobs and attracts other businesses to set up headquarters in London

44
Q

How has studentification and gentrification led to economic growth

A

Gentrification-wealthier people have moved into areas such as islington and regenerated them by improving the houses. Artisan Businesses have been attracted as a result of the wealth moving in. This has created jobs and wealth for the area

Studentification-In other areas such as Camden, A high student population has led to services thriving and wealth and jobs being brought to the area

45
Q

How has the urban sprawl increased economic growth in the RUF

A
  • In the RUF many shopping centres have been set up as land is cheaper than in the city
  • This has attracted many new people the RUF for Jobs and created wealth for the area
46
Q

How has leisure and culture increased economic growth

A
  • The opening of the olympic park has led to an increase in accommodation and transport in the east end
  • This has led more people to live there and more services to open up and more wealth for the area
47
Q

What are the positive impacts of the rebranding and regeneration of the docklands area

A
  • Transport links have been improved to incorporate the docklands area ~The DLR has been built
  • The environment has improved with new green spaces that have been created~Thames barrier park
  • New businesses have been attracted creating many jobs ~The media companies in Canary wharf
  • Wealthy people have moved in bringing lots of money to local shops and businesses
48
Q

What are the negative impacts of the regeneration and rebranding of the docklands

A
  • Many local people have been forced out as the price of the houses has gone up~36% local population were unskilled workers living in council houses
  • Some traditional businesses e.g pubs have shut down and have been replaced by services preferred by wealthy newcomers e.g bakeries
  • Existing communities were destroyed and people were forced to move to the RUF in order to find affordable housing
49
Q

How is there interdependency between rural areas and London for labour

A
  • Many people commute from rural areas to London to work- 40% of people in the Sevenoaks district work in london
  • students and young professionals from rural areas move to London to be close to work and entertainment facilities e.g in Camden
50
Q

How is there inderdepedency between rural areas and London for Goods

A
  • London relies on rural areas for food~farmers sell their produce to supermarkets who transport in into London
  • Many rural people travel into London to access its large range of shops
51
Q

How is there interdependency between London and rural areas for services

A
  • London has excellent hospitals and specialist services -great Ormond street hospital that people from surrounding rural areas travel to use
  • Many Londoners travel to rural areas in order to do leisure activities e.g walk
52
Q

What are the benefits of this interdependence

A
  • existing houses have been improved by the wealthy newcomers to the rural areas
  • rural farmers have made money selling land and diversifying their range of stock
  • there is less pressure on housing in London
  • Businesses in rural areas have thrived as the new residents have higher disposable incomes
53
Q

What are the costs of the interdependence

A
  • Commuters hardly spend any money in the rural villages as they are spending all day in London
  • New housing estates have had to be built in the countryside , destroying animals habitats
  • Lots of commuters drive to the main stations in sevenoaks to get the train to London, increasing air pollution
54
Q

What challenges have the rural areas faced as a result of the interdependence

A
  • House prices have risen by 250% in sevenoaks as a result of the increased demand from commuters
  • There are lots of old people going to Sevenoaks to retire and lots of young people leaving to get jobs in the city -This leaves the district with little services and people to employ
  • Londoners now go to spend more leisure time in Sevenoaks which puts pressure on it to provide recreational services e.g golf courses
55
Q

How is housing a challenge for rural areas around london

A
  • Sevenoaks district is among the 30% most deprived areas for housing affordability
  • This means it is hard to find houses for young people and all the commuters that want to live there
56
Q

How is employment a challenge in rural areas around London

A
  • Employment deprivation is concentrated into a few small pockets
  • The increasing use of technology in agriculture means there are not as many employment opportunities in rural areas
57
Q

How is health care and education a challenge in rural areas

A
  • Ageing populations (like the ones in rural areas)require more health care facilities
  • Some GP surgeries in small communities are threatened with closure due to the lack of demand
  • Some schools have had to shut because of the lack of pupils
  • This means elderly and young people have to travel long distances to access healthcare and education facilities
58
Q

What types of diversification have farms tried in order to increase income

A
  • farm shops(stanhill farm in wilmilgton)
  • accommodation (tanner farm park)
  • leisure activities (hop farm in kent)
59
Q

What are the negatives of rural diversification

A

The increased tourism can lead to green spaces being built on and an increase in traffic congestion

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