Development Dynamics Flashcards
Describe a population pyramid in an developing country
In a developing country there is a high fertility and birth rates because there is no use of contraception. There is also a high infant mortality rate because of the pooor healthcare so lots of babies have to be born for one to survive. Children can also be used as part of the workforce
The amount of old people is very low because death rates are high due to poor healthcare and the life expectancy is low
This ultimately means there are more young people than old people so the population pyramid has a wide base then gets narrower
Describe a population pyramid for an emerging country
For an emerging country the fertility rate decreases rapidly because women have access to a better education and have a more equal place in society.
There is also more use of contraception and more women work instead of having babies so birth rate decreases.
Health care gets better so life expectancy increases
This causes the bottom of the pyramid to narrow and the top to widen. There is a lower proportion of children and more adults of working age
Describe the population pyramid for a developed country
Fertility rates are quite low in developed countries, this is because people want a better quality of life and possessions rather than to spend money on children
Death rates are low and life expectancy is high because of good healthcare
This causes the bottom of the pyramid to narrow significantly and the middle and top to widen
What affect can extreme climate have on the development of a country
If a country has an extreme climate it means that less crops can grow their. This means that less food can be produced which can lead to malnourishment . This malnourishment leads to a lower quality of life.
If a country has an extreme climate it also means that less crops are available to sell, this leads to lower incomes and a lower quality of life
What affect can topography have on the development of a country
-Topography makes it hard for infrastructure to be put in place which means that basic services cannot be provided
It also makes it hard for crops to be grown which therefore lowers quality of life
What affect can education have on the development of a country
If more people in a country are educated it means that there is a more skilled workforce that can produce more goods and provide more services. This increases the trade and investment into the country and increases the money for the government for development
Also educated people have higher paid jobs which means they pay more taxes and the government have more money to spend on development
What affect can health have on the development of a country
If there is poor healthcare facilities and a lack of clean water more people suffer with diseases such as cholera and malaria
These diseases mean that these people cant work and cant contribute to the economy. They also may require expensive treatment
All of this(increased healthcare cost and lack of contribution to economy) reduces the amount of money available for development
How does colonialism affect development
Colonised countries are often in worse positions because they are reliant on the colonial countries. The colonial countries controlled their economies and expoited their raw goods and sold the manufactured goods back at higher prices this meant that the colonised countries become reliant on the richer countries for their raw materials , this can lead to famine and malnourishment
How does neo colonialism affect development
After gaining independence poorer countries are still indirectly controlled by richer countries
- Tnc’s come to the poorer countries and exploit their cheap labour and raw materials
- Government organisations also give loans to poorer countries that they have to use to develop in the way the donors want. This can affect in what way and how much they develop
How can political factors affect development
- Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money thats meant for development
- Authoritarian governments put development policies in place that can go extremely well or wrong
- Demrocatratic governments put less extreme plans in place
- Countries with good international relations can get more trade deals and bring in more money for the country
Describe the inequalities in wealth between rich and poor countries
- There are great inequalities in terms of wealth in richer and poorer countries
- The top 20% of rich countries hold 70.1% of the worlds wealth whereas the bottom 20% only hold 1% of the worlds wealth
What problems do these inequalities in wealth have socially (education)
The inequalities in wealth mean that poorer countries dont have as much money to spend on educational facilities.
The inequalities in wealth also mean that poorer people dont have enough money to pay for school fees and the children may need to work to earn money for the family instead of gaining an education.
This lack of education can mean that people cant get well paid,high skilled jobs and so are stuck in a cycle of poverty
What problems do these wealth inequalities cause socially (health)
Wealth inequalities mean that there are less good healthcare facilities available. This means that people are more likely to die from disease and that the life expectancy is lower.
This poor healthcare also means that infant mortality rate rises
What are the political affects of wealth inequalities
- Inequalities in wealth lead to more political instability,crime and discontent in poorer countries
- This means that civil wars are more likely to develop. These civil wars widen inequalities further because more money is spent on conflict and there is a reduced amount spent on development
- Wealth inequalities also mean that poorer countries are more dependent on richer countries for resources( they cant manufacture own goods). This means they have less say over regional and national issues as they have to do what the richer country tells them .
What affect do wealth inequalities have on the environment
- Inequalities of wealth cause people to turn to ecologically damaging activities such as illegal logging and slash and burn farming in order to make money, this has a negative affect on the environment
- Inequalities in wealth also cause countries to start to industrialise to boost the economy. This causes pollution of air through the greenhouse gas emissions. This also causes pollution of water through the harmful chemicals running off into the lakes and rivers
What are the five stages of rostows development theory
The five stages of rostows development theory are
- Traditional society-Subsistence based , mainly based around farming,fishing and forestry, little trade
- Preconditions for take off- manufacturing starts to develop,infrastructure is built,international trading starts
- Take off- rapid ,intensive growth , large scale industrialisation , increasing wealth
- Drive to maturity - Standards of living rise , Economy grows so people get wealthier ,widespread use of technology
- Mass consumption- mass production of goods , lots of trade , people are wealthy so consumption is high
What does Franks dependency theory say
Franks dependancy theory suggests a reason why poorer countries arent developing as much as richer countries.
It says that poorer peripheral countries are still poor because they rely on the richer core countries
For example poorer countries grow crops and sell their raw materials to richer countries who then sell them back maufactured goods at higher prices. This makes poorer countries reliant on richer countries for their manufactured goods and traps them in a cycle of poverty that means they cant develop
The theory also says that exploitation that went on post colonialism still happens and that richer countries exploit poorer countries raw materials and cheap labour
Rich countries may also exploit poor countries by interfering in local politics or loaning money with high interest rates
What is globalisation
Globalisation is the process of the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated
Why is globalisation increasing
- Advances in technology such as mobile phones,internet and email mean that more information is able to be carried faster. This means that cultures can be shared more easily and more communication can happen.It also means more systems can also be shared
- Advances in transport such as airports,high speed trains and larger ships mean it is easier for people to communicate face to face. This means that more cultures can spread and buisnesses can share systems more easily.
How do TNC’s help to increase Globalisation
TNC’s are companies that sell goods in multiple different countries and are companies that are located in multiple different countries
- They increase globalisation by linking countries together through the production and sale of goods
- They also increase globalisation by promoting a culture of consumerism where people in developing countries want to have the products that developed people have such as TVs and phones.This makes everyones lifestyle similar
- They also bring culture from their country of origin to countries all across the globe e.g McDonalds brings western style fast food to lots of different countries
How do governments increase globalisation
Governments increase globalisation by
- promoting free trade- Governments allow free trade(they reduce tariffs on goods) which means that goods,services and money can move more easily between countries
- Attracting investment - Governments to attract TNC’s to their country to bring income and employment to the people and economy. This then also links them with the other countries the TNC’s are involved in
- Privatisation- Governments privatise the buisnesses in their country and sell them to private companies who have headquaters across the globe. This then links the country to all the other places where there are headquaters
Which countries does globalisation benefit
Globalisation benefits countries who have lots of raw materials,large cheap labour force and countries who have more lenient environmental and labour laws .
These countries are where TNC’s generally try to set up
What are the disadvantages of globalisation
The disadvantages of globalisation (for countries such as malawi) are that TNC’s often take most profits from the developing countries back to where the headquarters are in developed countries
Globalisation and the free movement of people mean that lots of skilled workers leave developing countries in order to get higher paid jobs in developed countries. This leaves the developing countries without a skilled workforce
What is a top down approach to development
- A top down approach to development involves giving money to the government of a developing country who decides on the project and directs it
- Top down approaches to development are often large scale projects such as HEP dams that are built to benefit lots of people although they can be abused and used by the government to build things not to benefit the masses. The projects are usually very expensive
- The projects are usually funded by TNC’s or the governments of developed countries who will earn profits out of supporting the scheme. They can also be funded by international organisations e.g world bank who will expect the money paid back or put conditions on the loan
- The projects usually involve lots of construction and complex technology. Skilled workers from developed countries usually operate the schemes rather than local people. This makes the developing country more reliant on the developed country to maintain the scheme
What is a bottom up approach to development
A bottoms up approach to development involves giving aid to help the local communities and local people. NGO’s are usually involved
- They are usually small scale projects built to help the poorest and most vulnerable in society e.g ASTRA’S biogas scheme in rural India
- They are cheap projects funded by charities who rely on donations from people in developed countries
- They involve the use of intermediate technology which can be maintained and operated by local people, this means no skilled workers are needed
What are the advantages of an NGO , bottoms up funded scheme
- These schemes aim to benefit those local to where the project is based
- The projects use locally sourced ,raw materials so the community is not reliant on expensive imports
- The schemes are labour intensive and create jobs for local people
What are the disadvantages of an NGO scheme
- They are often small scale so do not benefit the masses of people
- They may involve different companies who dont work together so the scheme may be ineffective
What are the advantages of an IGO scheme (top down)
- IGO’s can afford to pay for large scale infrastructure projects in developing and emerging countries
- The infrastructure can boost the economy and development in the long term e.g HEP can promote industry, provide jobs and boist the economy
- The schemes can improve the quality of lives e.g HEP can provide more people with power
What are the disadvantages of an IGO scheme
- IGO schemes can be very expensive and leave the country in lots of debt if the money is part of a loan
- Not everyone may feel affects from the scheme e.g HEP power wouldnt reach rural communities
- Corrupt governments can take the money and not use it on the schemes
- The schemes are often resource intensive and rely on scarce resources. They also may emit greenhouse gasses
What are the advantages of TNC investment
- TNC’s provide jobs for local people
- TNC’s boost the income of the host country by paying tax
- TNC’s can build infrastructure in order to make their factories more viable. This improves the lives of local people
- TNC’s can also help with development schemes
What are the disadvantages of TNC’s
- Some of the profits of TNC’s leave the host country
- TNC’s can cause environmental problems such as air pollution as developing countries have less strict laws on the environment
- TNC’s dont provide any stability- They can easily move if there is cheaper labour elsewhere , leaving people jobless
What is Indias situation
- India is a rapidly developing emerging country.It has the worlds second largest population and is home to a large varied landscape.
- It has a rich cultural diversity with Bollywood films being exported all over the world
What is happening to Indias economy
- Indias economy and wealth is rapidly increasing. The GNI per capita rose from $300 - $1600 from 1990 to 2015
- The economic development has changed the importance of differnt sectors.Primary and secondary sector employ 69% of the population but only account for less than half of the GDP. The tertiary and quaternary sectors are growing in India and account for 45% of the GDP
- The economic development has also meant that the main exports have gone from primary products to manufactured products
How has globalisation increased development
- More than 50% of Indians now own a mobile phone. This means they have the capability to start their own business to boost their income.
- There are 12 major ports , 20 major airports and good rail connections in India. This makes it easier to transport goods which makes trade easier and means TNC’s are more likely to invest.
- Some large TNCs outsource work in manufacturing and IT to India. This helps to provide jobs , boost the economy through tax and bring over new business practices
How has indias government helped to increase development
In 1991 Indias government received 2.2 billion dollars in aid from the IMF for changing government policies- reducing tariffs on goods. This gave them more money to spend on development
- In 2009 Indias government made primary education free and compulsory. Now 96% of children enrol in education. This helps to produce a more skilled workforce which increases development.
- Indias government has also built new transport links so it is easier for commuters to get to work and more people are able to work.
- India is also a popular place for FDI which increases investment into the country and therefore development. Indias government has tried to increase the amount of FDI going into the country by relaxing laws on how much land and property foreign companies can own
How has the population changed in India
Birth rates in India are high,death rates and infant mortality rates has decreased. This is because of an increase in better healthcare and an increase in education about healthcare. This has meant
- Population has increased rapidly - from 870 million in 1990 to 1.3 billion in 2015
- The majority of people are young people
- Life expectancy has increased from 58 in 1990 to 68 in 2015
What has happened to fertility rates in India
Fertility rates in india have dropped from 4 to 2.4 from 1990 to 2014 because women have gained a more equal place in society as they are more educated. This means they dont have time to have kids
What has happened to the population of urban areas in India
As India is getting wealthier, more people are moing to urban areas
- In 1990 26% of the country lived in urban areas, by 2015 that had risen to 33%
- There are predicted to be 3 more megacities to add to the 4 that already exist by 2030
How has the rapid economic growth impacted urban states(Maharashtra) and rural states ( Bihar)
Rapid economic development has been very good for urban states such as Maharashtra as most of the development in manufacturing and services has come in urban areas. This has increased GDP per capita which is $2561 in Maharashtra compared to $682 in Bihar.
- More money has been also spent on Urban areas to try and get TNC’s to set up there and FDI to come in. This has lead to development in areas such as Maharashtra which has increased quality of life and literacy rates (83%)
- Rural areas such as Bihar have serious poverty issues($682 GDP per capita), they have not seen a boost in manufacturing. This poverty has meant that there is undernourishment and health problems with people as they cant afford to buy food. This poverty also means that children have to work instead of going to school which means literacy rates are low (64%)
What are the benefits of the economic development that is taking place
-There is better healthcare for all ages
-Elderly people live longer
-Infant mortality rates have dropped
-Maternal mortality rates have dropped
-Some people have access to better education
-Higher education is given to young graduates which gives them opportunities to get more skilled jobs
-Adults in general are more well educated
-Equality for women has also increased
-Womens literacy rates have increased from 34% in 1991 to 51% in 2011
Women have better access to contraception and family planning
What are the negative impacts of the development in India
- Rapid industrialisation means that young men may have to work in dangerous jobs. Working conditions may also be poor due to a lack of safety regulations from the authorities
- As young people move to the cities to find jobs rural areas may be left without a skilled workforce. This means that rural children may not egt as good of an education because of the lack of good teachers
- It may also mean children may have to work as agricultural labourers to make up for the lost workforce
- Women may also be left alone to care for the family and provide for the family
What environmental problems are caused by economic development
- Industrialisation has led to a higher energy consumption(making parts by heating). This means that more fossil fuels have to be burned to meet the demand. This releases more greenhouse gases which has a negative affect on the environment
- More factories and cars means that there is more air pollution. Gases such as sulfur dioxide and smoke particles are released. These massivley damage peoples lungs and cause lung disease. O.5 million people die in India each year from air pollution related problems
- More urban sprawl means that cities increasingly dont have the infrastructure to cope with the increased population. This means that 70% of sewage ends up flowing in to rivers untreated
How is India increasing relations globally and regionally
Indias government has come to better relations with neighbouring countries (Joining ASEAN which is a political and economic organisation made up of several countries in SE asia)
India has also become part of many international organisations such as G20 , UN and the world trade organisation
Describe the relations between India and the US
- The US expects economic development in India to bring about trade,employment and economic growth for both countries
- The US also sees India as a massive market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the increasing wealth and booming Industry
Describe the relationship between India and the EU
- India has good relations with the EU. They become strategic partners in 2004 and have agreed to co-operate on certain issues
- Negotiations for a free trade agreement started in 2007. The EU is one of Indias biggest markets and trading partners
- The EU continues to support health and education plans in India so they can continue their development
What are the benefits and costs of International relations bettering
Benefits-India get to work with other developed countries on a global scale to try ans solve global issues e.g climate change. India can strike better trade agreements
Cons-There is Increased tension between India and China as they are both rapidly growing economically
What are the costs and benefits of TNC’s in India
Tncs
- Create environmental problems e.g extract large amounts of water from Kerala and Varanasi
- Create no economic stability as they could leave at any time
- Destroy Indian businesses because of their brand and low prices
