Development Dynamics Flashcards
Describe a population pyramid in an developing country
In a developing country there is a high fertility and birth rates because there is no use of contraception. There is also a high infant mortality rate because of the pooor healthcare so lots of babies have to be born for one to survive. Children can also be used as part of the workforce
The amount of old people is very low because death rates are high due to poor healthcare and the life expectancy is low
This ultimately means there are more young people than old people so the population pyramid has a wide base then gets narrower
Describe a population pyramid for an emerging country
For an emerging country the fertility rate decreases rapidly because women have access to a better education and have a more equal place in society.
There is also more use of contraception and more women work instead of having babies so birth rate decreases.
Health care gets better so life expectancy increases
This causes the bottom of the pyramid to narrow and the top to widen. There is a lower proportion of children and more adults of working age
Describe the population pyramid for a developed country
Fertility rates are quite low in developed countries, this is because people want a better quality of life and possessions rather than to spend money on children
Death rates are low and life expectancy is high because of good healthcare
This causes the bottom of the pyramid to narrow significantly and the middle and top to widen
What affect can extreme climate have on the development of a country
If a country has an extreme climate it means that less crops can grow their. This means that less food can be produced which can lead to malnourishment . This malnourishment leads to a lower quality of life.
If a country has an extreme climate it also means that less crops are available to sell, this leads to lower incomes and a lower quality of life
What affect can topography have on the development of a country
-Topography makes it hard for infrastructure to be put in place which means that basic services cannot be provided
It also makes it hard for crops to be grown which therefore lowers quality of life
What affect can education have on the development of a country
If more people in a country are educated it means that there is a more skilled workforce that can produce more goods and provide more services. This increases the trade and investment into the country and increases the money for the government for development
Also educated people have higher paid jobs which means they pay more taxes and the government have more money to spend on development
What affect can health have on the development of a country
If there is poor healthcare facilities and a lack of clean water more people suffer with diseases such as cholera and malaria
These diseases mean that these people cant work and cant contribute to the economy. They also may require expensive treatment
All of this(increased healthcare cost and lack of contribution to economy) reduces the amount of money available for development
How does colonialism affect development
Colonised countries are often in worse positions because they are reliant on the colonial countries. The colonial countries controlled their economies and expoited their raw goods and sold the manufactured goods back at higher prices this meant that the colonised countries become reliant on the richer countries for their raw materials , this can lead to famine and malnourishment
How does neo colonialism affect development
After gaining independence poorer countries are still indirectly controlled by richer countries
- Tnc’s come to the poorer countries and exploit their cheap labour and raw materials
- Government organisations also give loans to poorer countries that they have to use to develop in the way the donors want. This can affect in what way and how much they develop
How can political factors affect development
- Corrupt governments can hinder development by taking money thats meant for development
- Authoritarian governments put development policies in place that can go extremely well or wrong
- Demrocatratic governments put less extreme plans in place
- Countries with good international relations can get more trade deals and bring in more money for the country
Describe the inequalities in wealth between rich and poor countries
- There are great inequalities in terms of wealth in richer and poorer countries
- The top 20% of rich countries hold 70.1% of the worlds wealth whereas the bottom 20% only hold 1% of the worlds wealth
What problems do these inequalities in wealth have socially (education)
The inequalities in wealth mean that poorer countries dont have as much money to spend on educational facilities.
The inequalities in wealth also mean that poorer people dont have enough money to pay for school fees and the children may need to work to earn money for the family instead of gaining an education.
This lack of education can mean that people cant get well paid,high skilled jobs and so are stuck in a cycle of poverty
What problems do these wealth inequalities cause socially (health)
Wealth inequalities mean that there are less good healthcare facilities available. This means that people are more likely to die from disease and that the life expectancy is lower.
This poor healthcare also means that infant mortality rate rises
What are the political affects of wealth inequalities
- Inequalities in wealth lead to more political instability,crime and discontent in poorer countries
- This means that civil wars are more likely to develop. These civil wars widen inequalities further because more money is spent on conflict and there is a reduced amount spent on development
- Wealth inequalities also mean that poorer countries are more dependent on richer countries for resources( they cant manufacture own goods). This means they have less say over regional and national issues as they have to do what the richer country tells them .
What affect do wealth inequalities have on the environment
- Inequalities of wealth cause people to turn to ecologically damaging activities such as illegal logging and slash and burn farming in order to make money, this has a negative affect on the environment
- Inequalities in wealth also cause countries to start to industrialise to boost the economy. This causes pollution of air through the greenhouse gas emissions. This also causes pollution of water through the harmful chemicals running off into the lakes and rivers
What are the five stages of rostows development theory
The five stages of rostows development theory are
- Traditional society-Subsistence based , mainly based around farming,fishing and forestry, little trade
- Preconditions for take off- manufacturing starts to develop,infrastructure is built,international trading starts
- Take off- rapid ,intensive growth , large scale industrialisation , increasing wealth
- Drive to maturity - Standards of living rise , Economy grows so people get wealthier ,widespread use of technology
- Mass consumption- mass production of goods , lots of trade , people are wealthy so consumption is high
What does Franks dependency theory say
Franks dependancy theory suggests a reason why poorer countries arent developing as much as richer countries.
It says that poorer peripheral countries are still poor because they rely on the richer core countries
For example poorer countries grow crops and sell their raw materials to richer countries who then sell them back maufactured goods at higher prices. This makes poorer countries reliant on richer countries for their manufactured goods and traps them in a cycle of poverty that means they cant develop
The theory also says that exploitation that went on post colonialism still happens and that richer countries exploit poorer countries raw materials and cheap labour
Rich countries may also exploit poor countries by interfering in local politics or loaning money with high interest rates
What is globalisation
Globalisation is the process of the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated
Why is globalisation increasing
- Advances in technology such as mobile phones,internet and email mean that more information is able to be carried faster. This means that cultures can be shared more easily and more communication can happen.It also means more systems can also be shared
- Advances in transport such as airports,high speed trains and larger ships mean it is easier for people to communicate face to face. This means that more cultures can spread and buisnesses can share systems more easily.
How do TNC’s help to increase Globalisation
TNC’s are companies that sell goods in multiple different countries and are companies that are located in multiple different countries
- They increase globalisation by linking countries together through the production and sale of goods
- They also increase globalisation by promoting a culture of consumerism where people in developing countries want to have the products that developed people have such as TVs and phones.This makes everyones lifestyle similar
- They also bring culture from their country of origin to countries all across the globe e.g McDonalds brings western style fast food to lots of different countries
How do governments increase globalisation
Governments increase globalisation by
- promoting free trade- Governments allow free trade(they reduce tariffs on goods) which means that goods,services and money can move more easily between countries
- Attracting investment - Governments to attract TNC’s to their country to bring income and employment to the people and economy. This then also links them with the other countries the TNC’s are involved in
- Privatisation- Governments privatise the buisnesses in their country and sell them to private companies who have headquaters across the globe. This then links the country to all the other places where there are headquaters
Which countries does globalisation benefit
Globalisation benefits countries who have lots of raw materials,large cheap labour force and countries who have more lenient environmental and labour laws .
These countries are where TNC’s generally try to set up
What are the disadvantages of globalisation
The disadvantages of globalisation (for countries such as malawi) are that TNC’s often take most profits from the developing countries back to where the headquarters are in developed countries
Globalisation and the free movement of people mean that lots of skilled workers leave developing countries in order to get higher paid jobs in developed countries. This leaves the developing countries without a skilled workforce
What is a top down approach to development
- A top down approach to development involves giving money to the government of a developing country who decides on the project and directs it
- Top down approaches to development are often large scale projects such as HEP dams that are built to benefit lots of people although they can be abused and used by the government to build things not to benefit the masses. The projects are usually very expensive
- The projects are usually funded by TNC’s or the governments of developed countries who will earn profits out of supporting the scheme. They can also be funded by international organisations e.g world bank who will expect the money paid back or put conditions on the loan
- The projects usually involve lots of construction and complex technology. Skilled workers from developed countries usually operate the schemes rather than local people. This makes the developing country more reliant on the developed country to maintain the scheme
