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Human systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the role of saliva in the Digestive system

A

Begins chemical breakdown
Act of chewing releases amalyse (breaks down starch) and lipase (breaks down fats)
Smell of food begins salivation

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2
Q

Explain the function of the mouth in the digestive system

A

Saliva starts chemical breakdown of food

Teeth and tongue begin mechanical breakdown

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3
Q

Function of Pharynx in digestive system

A

Pushes food toward the esophagus

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4
Q

Function of epiglottis in digestive system

A

Closes the windpipe preventing choking

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5
Q

Function of the esophagus in the digestive system

A

pushes food down in a wave-like motion to the stomach

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6
Q

Function of the stomach in the digestive system

A

Continues mechanical and chemical digestion

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7
Q

Function of small intestine in digestive system

A

Absorbs nutrients and continues chemical digestion

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8
Q

Function of Large intestine in Digestive system

A

stores waste and absorbs water

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9
Q

Function of pancreas in digestive system

A

Releases enzymes into the small intestine to aid digestion

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10
Q

Function of the liver in the digestive system

A

Produces enzymes found in bile (breaks down fats)

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11
Q

Function of gall bladder in digestive system

A

Stores bile to be secreted into the small intestine

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12
Q

Explain the steps of food moving through the digestive system

A
  1. Enters the mouth (broken down by teeth)
  2. Salivary glands begin chemical digestion
  3. Food pushed down the esophagus by the pharynx, epiglottis closes
  4. Food moves to the stomach via the esophagus
  5. Food passes through the cardiac sphincter into the stomach (splashing of acid out of the cardiac sphincter= heartburn) Food is further broken down in the stomach and becomes Chyme
  6. Chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter to the small intestine (3 parts, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum)
  7. Food passes into the large intestine to absorb water and remaining useful ions
  8. Rectum stores feces to be eliminated through the anus
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13
Q

Explain the parts of the Small intestine

A

Duodenum: final digestive activities occur through the release of enzymes from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder
Jejunum: Absorption of nutrients begins, lined in microvilli to allow for maximum surface area
Ileum: responsible for absorption of fats and vitamins, returns bile to the liver, remaining chyme passes through the ileocecal valve to large intestine

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14
Q

What is the role of the urinary system

A

Another waste removal system

Waste products enter the circulatory system and are collected in the kidneys to be removed through the urethra

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15
Q

List the 3 main functions of the respiratory systems.

A

Bringing oxygen into the lungs
Giving oxygen to red blood cells
Exhaling carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Explain the role of the nose in the respiratory system.

A

Air goes through the nostrils, is warmed moistened and cleaned via the mucus membrane

17
Q

Explain the role of the pharynx in the respiratory system

A

Air passes past the pharynx through the epiglottis and the larynx

18
Q

Explain the role of the larynx in the respiratory system

A

Voice box

19
Q

Explain the role of the trachea in the respiratory system

A

Cartilage rings protect it, keeps air moist warm and clean (mucus) as it travels to the bronchi

20
Q

Explain the role of the bronchi in the respiratory system

A

Split into left and right, contracts to help expel air

21
Q

Explain the role of the bronchioles in the respiratory system

A

Bronchi continue splitting into bronchioles which move air through the lungs

22
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Small sac structures at the end of the bronchioles whcih exchange oxygen and CO2

23
Q

Explain the role of caplilaries in the respiratory system

A

Tiny blood vessels around the alveoli which provide blood flow
Allows for red blood cells to collect oxygen and deliver carbon dioxide

24
Q

Explain how we take in oxygen

A

The rib cage is lifted by the intercostal muscles
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
The chest cavity gets bigger and the oxygen flows into the lungs

25
Q

Explain how gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

A

Alveoli absorb oxygen

Passive transport occurs, the oxygen moves into the deoxygenated blood and the CO2 moves into the alveoli

26
Q

What is the main function of the circulatory system

A 
Transporting oxygen to cells
Removing CO2
Transporting nutrients to cells
Helps immune system fight infection
Transports horomones to specific tissues
Controls internal temperature
27
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells in the circulatory system

A

Red blood cells: transport oxygen away from the lungs and CO2 to the lungs
White blood cells: fight infection, attack foreign cells and produce antibodies
Platelets: irregularyly shaped cells that initiate blood clots

28
Q

What are the 2 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Veins: carry blood to the heart
Both can carry oxygenated or deoxygenated

29
Q

Explain blood flow through the heart and lungs

A
  1. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
  2. both atria contract and the blood goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
  3. Both ventricles contract and the blood goes through the pulmonary valve
  4. Blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to pick up oxygen
  5. Blood picks up oxygen and is sent to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  6. blood enters the left atrium and both atria contract sending blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve
  7. Blood enters the left ventricle and the ventricles contract
  8. blood travels through the aortic valve
  9. blood is distributed by the aorta
30
Q

Describe the function of the spleen.

A

Stores half the bodies white blood cells
Produces red blood cells and antibodies
Stores an emergency supply of red blood cells for the body to use
Red Pulp: helps keep the body supplied with blood
White Pulp: helps the body fight infection

31
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure
Measures 3 seperate times at least one week apart
120/80 is normal
140/90 is considered high

32
Q

Explain how blood pressure is measured.

A

120/80 is normal
120 is the pressure against the walls of the blood vessels when the heart is pumping, 80 is when the heart is resting
Increases risk of stroke (blood vessel bursts in or near the brain), heart disease (high strain leads to weaker muscles) and kidney disease (blood vessels in the kidney get damaged and can’t filter properly

Biology (15 decks)

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