Human Science NEURO Flashcards
Parkinson’s
Who is affected
40year old +
0.3%
Parkinson’s
Where in brain ?
Basoganglia (substantial niagra)
Parkinson’s
Main features (4)
Tremor
Rigidity
Postural instability
Bradykanesia (slow movement)
Parkinson’s
Risk factors
Age
Gender (men)
Genetics (family)
Smoking
Coffee
Head trauma
Parkinson’s
Transformation of signals
- Cerebral cortex into basognaglia
- Basoganglia back to cerebral cortex (through thalamus)
- Cerebral correct to spinal cord to get to muscles
Parkinson’s
What’s the problem and where/why
Not enough dopamine produced within substantial niagra. (As it deteriorates)
Dopamine act as a neurotransmitter.
Dopamine doesn’t bind to the receptors.
Thalamus struggles to send signals to the cerebral cortex.
Therefore movement not coordinated or controlled
Parkinson’s
Treatment/ management
Medication (levadopa)
Increase or substitution of dopamine
Surgery- electrodes in brain.
Physio- balance, flexibility, strength,
Gait- stepping strategies, cuing, dual task
To reduce falls and improve mobility
MS
What is it
Auto immune disease that targets myelin and oligodendrocytes
Ms
What creates the myelin
Oligodendrocytes
Ms
What does myelin do
Acts as a thermal around the axon to allow smooth conduction of signals
Ms
Cause and risk factors
No cause - idiopathic
Genetics- female
Environment - vitD
Ms
Types of ms
Relapse remitting (90%)
Relapse progressive
Primary progressive
Secondary progressive
Ms
Symptoms
(Charcot Neuro triad)
Tremor (weakness, spasms, coordination)
Dysarthria (speech, swallow/ eating)
Nystagmus (rapid eye movement, loss/ double)
Ms
What targets the demyelination
T-cells attack myelin and oligodendrocytes
Stroke
Signs/ symptoms
F
A
S
T
Balance, dizziness, headache, numbness/wrakness
50% experience central post stroke pain: burning, shooting, spasticity & depression
Stroke
Types of stroke
Ischemic (80%) - blood clot that stops blood and oxygen going to brain
Haemorrhage - bleed in the brain
Tia (transient ischemic attack)- mini stroke no lasting affect <24h
Stroke
Posture
Loss of control, stability, coordination, spasticity, drop foot, stopped (lean forwards =muscle weakness)
Ischemic stroke treatment
Rehab
Aspirin (blood thinners)
Thrombosis (clot bursting)
Rehab
Strength/ mobility
Spasticity (stretching)
Gait training
Hemorrhagic stroke treatment
Rehab
Surgery- relive pressure of brain
Aim to reduce blood pressure (ACE inhibitors, beta blockers)
Rehab
Strength/ mobility
Spasticity (stretching)
Gait training
Neuro - ergonomic
Positioning - prevent pressure sores when seated or during movement for even weight distribution.
Assisted devices- wheelchair, walking stick (electronic aid for foot drop)
Environment modification - reduce excessive movement at home
Adaptive tools - slip on shoes, thicker handles to allow pt to be independent
Arteries in stroke
Anterior cerebral artery ACA
Middle cerebral artery MCA
Posterior cerebral artery PCA
What affects ACA and what it stands for
Anterior cerebral artery
legs
MCA and what it stands for
Middle cerebral artery
Arms and speech
PCA and what it stands for
Posterior cerebral artery
Vision
