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MSc Physio > Human Science CVR > Flashcards

Human Science CVR Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchiectasis
What is it

A

Bronchi are dilated and are filled with mucus that narrows the airway

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2
Q

Bronchiectasis
Why does it happen

A

Typically due to previous infection or anything damaging the bronchi . (Pneumonia, whooping cough). (Cystic fibrosis - sticky mucus production)
Or problem with immune system.
No obvious cause: idiopathic

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3
Q

Bronchiectasis
What happens with the bronchi wall

A

Epithelium is a barrier of cells to resist infection. Includes goblet cells that forms mucus to trap bacteria. The mucocillary escalators then move the sputum up the airway to remove bacteria.

Damage to epithelium= damage to cell wall = mucocillary escalator gets impaired and can’t transport bacteria out causing infection and possibly permanent airway Remodelling.

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4
Q

Bronchiectasis
Symptoms

A

Chronic cough
Recurring lung infection
SOB
Wheezing
Fatigue
Chest pain

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5
Q

Bronchiectasis
Treatment

A

Chest vibrations/ percussion
Postural drainage
Bronchodilators (inhaler)
Antibiotics = infection
Hydration
Active cycle breathing technique (ACBT)
Positive / negative pressure devices

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6
Q

Chronic bronchitis
What is it and diagnosis

A

Repetition of irritating the bronchials causing them to inflame and damaging the cilia causing impairments and build up of mucus/ bacteria = infection.
Cough everyday for 3+months for 2years (with sputum)

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7
Q

Emphysema
What is it

A

Swelling of alveoli.
Alveoli gets damaged and looses its elasticity and permanently enlarges which makes it hard to push air out and causes air trapping/ dead space

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8
Q

COPD
Symptoms

A

FVC (forced vital capacity) ⬇️due to air trapping (max air exhaled)
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1sec) ⬇️
Poor gas exchange = parcel pressure of co2 in lungs⬆️ = Hypercapnia
⬇️O2 in blood = hypoxia
Wheezing
Crackles
Lung infection
Dyspnea - SOB
Hyper-inflated lungs - battled chest
Anxiety and panic attacks

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9
Q

What COPD stands for

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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10
Q

Chronic bronchitis
Pathophysiology

A
  1. Airway inflamed - irritation
  2. Mucus production - due to 1.
  3. Causing narrowed airways
  4. Impaired ciliary
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11
Q

Cause of COPD

A

Smoking (90%)
Air pollution
Genetic

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12
Q

COPD
treatment/ management

A

Bronchodilators- relax muscle around airway to keep open
Antibiotics - infection
⬆️Oxygen
Airway clearance (postural drainage, percussion/ vibration)

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13
Q

Asthma
What is it

A

Chronic inflammatory disease
Airway OBSTRUCTION
Hyper reactive airways and bronchospasm

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14
Q

Asthma
What happenes

A
  1. Hyperactive airway that response to stimuli
  2. Airway tightens and narrows (inflammation and bronchospasm)
  3. Inflamed and increases goblet cells that creates excessive sputum which makes it more narrow and damaging tissue
  4. Causes wheezing and increases WOB
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15
Q

Asthma
Symptoms

A

⬆️WOB
Cough
Wheezing
SOB
⬇️gas exchange (Hypercapnia/ hypoxia)

Chronic changes
Thickening airway / narrow airway (bronchoconstriction)
Fibrosis (scaring)

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16
Q

Asthma
Trigger

A

Cold air
Allergy
Irritants (smoking, pollution)
Exercise
Infection
Stress

17
Q

Asthma
Treatment/ management

A

Bronchodilators
Beta agonists- relax airway
Inhaler technique (spacers)
Breathing technique (diaphragm breathing) (pursed lips- keep airway open)
Airway clearance for mucus

18
Q

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What’s the difference?

A

CAD- restriction of blood flow to the heart
PAD- restriction of blood flow to limbs (legs)

19
Q

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What’s the long word beginning with A that causes the build up of plaque

A

Atherosclerosis

20
Q

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What happens

A

Build up of plaque (atherosclerosis) that narrows the arteries reducing blood flow

21
Q

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
Risk factors

A

High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
Family history

22
Q

Coronary arteries disease
What happens

A

Atherosclerosis- plaque build up restricting oxygenated blood to the heart which may cause Ischemia

23
Q

Coronary arteries disease
Symptoms

A

Angina - chest pain
SOB- heart struggle to pump oxygen
Heart attack- plaque may break and for blood clot in heart.

24
Q

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
Treatment/ management

A

Aspirin- reduce blood clot
Statin- reduce cholesterol (atherosclerosis)
Bypass surgery (CABG)
Exercise and diet change
Quit smoking

25
Q

peripheral arteries disease
Symptoms

A

Leg pain (cramping) reduce o2
Numbness and weakness to limbs
Cold legs
Wounds don’t heal

26
Q

Peripheral artery disease
How it causes numbness, pain and weakness

A

Numbness - no oxygen to tissue/ cells = disruption of nerve signals
Pain- blockage cause pain in local area
Weakness - muscle cells won’t contract (nerves)

27
Q

Peripheral/ coronary artery disease
Arteries, veins and capillaries

A

Arteries have very thick walls (3layers) to deal with pressure carrying blood away from the heart.

Veins also have 3 layers but not as thick as lower pressure carrying blood back to the heart.

Capillaries are very thin with 1 layer and it exchanges gases and nutrients.

28
Q

What is intermittent clarification

A

Pain mainly in calf due to poor circulation (muscle ischemia)

29
Q

Structures involved in asthma and normal function

A

Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli where gas travels through and is exchanged in the alveoli

30
Q

Asthma
What cells causes inflammation

A

Mast cell released due to hypersensitivity and histamine is released causing inflammation

31
Q

Ergonomic strategies

A

Save energy/ pacing. Breathing techniques

32
Q

Asthma
What causes inflammation

A

Mast cells release histamine

MSc Physio (7 decks)

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