Human Science CVR

Question 1

Bronchiectasis
What is it

Answer 1

Bronchi are dilated and are filled with mucus that narrows the airway

Question 2

Bronchiectasis
Why does it happen

Answer 2

Typically due to previous infection or anything damaging the bronchi . (Pneumonia, whooping cough). (Cystic fibrosis - sticky mucus production)
Or problem with immune system.
No obvious cause: idiopathic

Question 3

Bronchiectasis
What happens with the bronchi wall

Answer 3

Epithelium is a barrier of cells to resist infection. Includes goblet cells that forms mucus to trap bacteria. The mucocillary escalators then move the sputum up the airway to remove bacteria.

Damage to epithelium= damage to cell wall = mucocillary escalator gets impaired and can’t transport bacteria out causing infection and possibly permanent airway Remodelling.

Question 4

Bronchiectasis
Symptoms

Answer 4

Chronic cough
Recurring lung infection
SOB
Wheezing
Fatigue
Chest pain

Question 5

Bronchiectasis
Treatment

Answer 5

Chest vibrations/ percussion
Postural drainage
Bronchodilators (inhaler)
Antibiotics = infection
Hydration
Active cycle breathing technique (ACBT)
Positive / negative pressure devices

Question 6

Chronic bronchitis
What is it and diagnosis

Answer 6

Repetition of irritating the bronchials causing them to inflame and damaging the cilia causing impairments and build up of mucus/ bacteria = infection.
Cough everyday for 3+months for 2years (with sputum)

Question 7

Emphysema
What is it

Answer 7

Swelling of alveoli.
Alveoli gets damaged and looses its elasticity and permanently enlarges which makes it hard to push air out and causes air trapping/ dead space

Question 8

COPD
Symptoms

Answer 8

FVC (forced vital capacity) ⬇️due to air trapping (max air exhaled)
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1sec) ⬇️
Poor gas exchange = parcel pressure of co2 in lungs⬆️ = Hypercapnia
⬇️O2 in blood = hypoxia
Wheezing
Crackles
Lung infection
Dyspnea - SOB
Hyper-inflated lungs - battled chest
Anxiety and panic attacks

Question 9

What COPD stands for

Answer 9

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 10

Chronic bronchitis
Pathophysiology

Answer 10

1. Airway inflamed - irritation
2. Mucus production - due to 1.
3. Causing narrowed airways
4. Impaired ciliary

Question 11

Cause of COPD

Answer 11

Smoking (90%)
Air pollution
Genetic

Question 12

COPD
treatment/ management

Answer 12

Bronchodilators- relax muscle around airway to keep open
Antibiotics - infection
⬆️Oxygen
Airway clearance (postural drainage, percussion/ vibration)

Question 13

Asthma
What is it

Answer 13

Chronic inflammatory disease
Airway OBSTRUCTION
Hyper reactive airways and bronchospasm

Question 14

Asthma
What happenes

Answer 14

1. Hyperactive airway that response to stimuli
2. Airway tightens and narrows (inflammation and bronchospasm)
3. Inflamed and increases goblet cells that creates excessive sputum which makes it more narrow and damaging tissue
4. Causes wheezing and increases WOB

Question 15

Asthma
Symptoms

Answer 15

⬆️WOB
Cough
Wheezing
SOB
⬇️gas exchange (Hypercapnia/ hypoxia)

Chronic changes
Thickening airway / narrow airway (bronchoconstriction)
Fibrosis (scaring)

Question 16

Asthma
Trigger

Answer 16

Cold air
Allergy
Irritants (smoking, pollution)
Exercise
Infection
Stress

Question 17

Asthma
Treatment/ management

Answer 17

Bronchodilators
Beta agonists- relax airway
Inhaler technique (spacers)
Breathing technique (diaphragm breathing) (pursed lips- keep airway open)
Airway clearance for mucus

Question 18

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What’s the difference?

Answer 18

CAD- restriction of blood flow to the heart
PAD- restriction of blood flow to limbs (legs)

Question 19

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What’s the long word beginning with A that causes the build up of plaque

Answer 19

Atherosclerosis

Question 20

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
What happens

Answer 20

Build up of plaque (atherosclerosis) that narrows the arteries reducing blood flow

Question 21

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
Risk factors

Answer 21

High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Obesity
Smoking
Diabetes
Family history

Question 22

Coronary arteries disease
What happens

Answer 22

Atherosclerosis- plaque build up restricting oxygenated blood to the heart which may cause Ischemia

Question 23

Coronary arteries disease
Symptoms

Answer 23

Angina - chest pain
SOB- heart struggle to pump oxygen
Heart attack- plaque may break and for blood clot in heart.

Question 24

Coronary arteries/ peripheral arteries
Treatment/ management

Answer 24

Aspirin- reduce blood clot
Statin- reduce cholesterol (atherosclerosis)
Bypass surgery (CABG)
Exercise and diet change
Quit smoking

Question 25

peripheral arteries disease Symptoms

Answer 25

Leg pain (cramping) reduce o2 Numbness and weakness to limbs Cold legs Wounds don’t heal

Question 26

Peripheral artery disease How it causes numbness, pain and weakness

Answer 26

Numbness - no oxygen to tissue/ cells = disruption of nerve signals Pain- blockage cause pain in local area Weakness - muscle cells won’t contract (nerves)

Question 27

Peripheral/ coronary artery disease Arteries, veins and capillaries

Answer 27

Arteries have very thick walls (3layers) to deal with pressure carrying blood away from the heart. Veins also have 3 layers but not as thick as lower pressure carrying blood back to the heart. Capillaries are very thin with 1 layer and it exchanges gases and nutrients.

Question 28

What is intermittent clarification

Answer 28

Pain mainly in calf due to poor circulation (muscle ischemia)

Question 29

Structures involved in asthma and normal function

Answer 29

Trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli where gas travels through and is exchanged in the alveoli

Question 30

Asthma What cells causes inflammation

Answer 30

Mast cell released due to hypersensitivity and histamine is released causing inflammation

Question 31

Ergonomic strategies

Answer 31

Save energy/ pacing. Breathing techniques

Question 32

Asthma What causes inflammation

Answer 32

Mast cells release histamine