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Human safety Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Write and explain the heat balance equation.
A 
S = M - W - E - (R + C)
S = rate of heat storage of human body 
M = metabolic rate 
W = mechanical work done by human body 
E = rate of total evaporation loss 
R + C = dry heat exchange through radiation & convection
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2
Q
  1. Write and describe the indices for prediction of thermal comfort.
A 
Operative Temperature
 • Air Velocity 
• Radiant Temperature Asymmetry 
• Air Temperature 
• Humidity 
• Surface Temperature 
• WBGT (Heat stress from sun)
• Dry Heat Loss
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3
Q
  1. The equivalent temperature influencing factors:
A

• Environmental factors:
dry-bulb temp. (also related to humidity)
relative humidity (or water vapor pressure)
• air velocity (increase convective heat loss)
Preferable air velocity (see Figure 4)
• mean radiation temp.
radiation has great effect on thermal sensation

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4
Q
  1. The methods and the measures for air pollution reduction.
A
  • implementation of new, cleaner technologies;
  • mechanization and automation of technological processes;
  • sealing machines and apparatus;
  • using ventilation systems;
  • properly selection of personal protective equipment
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5
Q
  1. The classification of ventilation systems and principle of operation
A

Alternate use of natural and mechanical
Fan assisted natural
Stack and wind supported mechanically

Many heat problems are a result of poor ventilation. A good ventilation system can remove hot air from a building. It is also good for removing any contaminants from the air.

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6
Q

The kinds of the noise sources, according to its origin. Human hearing ranges according to
Frequency.

A

Sources: mechanical, aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, electromagnetic.
Hearing range: Hearable-16 to 20000 Hz; not hearable- lower than 16 Hz(infrasound) and higher than 20,000 Hz(ultrasound.)

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7
Q
  1. Objective parameters for the characterization of acoustic noise.
A

sound pressure p (Pa)
• sound velocity v (m / s)
• intensity I (W/m2)
• power P (W)

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8
Q
  1. The threshold values the limit, upper and lower values of daily noise exposure level to start
    the actions of reduction.
A

top exposure action values LEX,8h = 85 dBA

Lower exposure action values LEX,8h = 80 dBA

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9
Q
  1. The impact of the noise for human and consequences.
A

Hearing loss
•Central nervous system changes: tiredness; insomnia; migraine headaches
•Cardio-vascular system: hypertension; decrease the body’s immune resistance; decreased vision.

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10
Q
  1. The methods and the measures for noise reduction
A
  • use the other methods of work, leading to lower noise exposure;
  • purchase of new equipment to choose the one with lower noise levels;
  • designing place of jobs to take into account possible changes of the noise in them;
  • provide employees information and educate them of hearing protecting issues;
  • the use of engineering - acoustic noise reduction measures;
  • maintain adequate using tools technical condition;
  • apply organizational measures to reduce exposure to noise, limiting their operating period.
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11
Q
  1. Sound pressure exercise: if sound pressure 0.02 Pa what is the sound pressure level?
A

60dB

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12
Q
  1. Given two machines producing 80 dB each, what is the total sound pressure level?
A

83dB

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13
Q
  1. What is Luminous flux, its units? What is Illuminance, its units? What is Luminance, its
    units?
A

Luminous Flux is the total quantity of radiant energy per second responsible for visual sensation from a luminous body. - lumens
Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area (lx).- lumen / ft 2
Luminance is the density of visible radiation (photopic or scotopic) in a given direction. - Candela / unit area

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14
Q
  1. What is the Daylight factor DF, how to calculate it?
A

Ratio of the illuminance on the given plane at that point to the simultaneous exterior
illuminance on a horizontal plane from the whole of an unobstructed sky.

Daylight Factor (DF) = Sky + Reflected External + Reflected Internal

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15
Q
  1. The classification of lighting
A
  1. Direct lighting
  2. Indirect lighting
  3. Semi direct lighting
  4. Semi indirect lighting
  5. General lighting
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16
Q
  1. The diseases of the eyes.
A
  • ASTIGMATISM- Eye cannot focus an object’s image on a single point on retina
  • GLAUCOMA- Gradual loss of sight and eventual blindness
  • CATARACTS- Clouding forms in lens due to denaturing of lens protein
17
Q
  1. What are the individual humans’ factors that determine the visual abilities?
A
  • Sensitivity of human eye
  • Any diseases
  • Loss of power in eyes
18
Q
  1. Write the characteristics that determine the quality of the lighting.
A
  1. glare,
  2. luminance contrast (contrast ratio),
  3. pulsation of luminous flux
  4. color rendering index.
19
Q
  1. How classified the dust according to the type of its exposure on health?
A 
•  Fibro-genic Dust (Causes Disease) 
– Crystalline Silica (Quartz) 
–Asbestos 
– Beryllium 
• Nuisance Dust - Dust that does not contain harmful quantities of asbestos & less than 1% quartz.
20
Q
  1. Which properties of the dusts are most related to harmful effects on health?
A
  • Dust Composition
  • Dust Concentration
  • Particle Size and Shape
  • Amount of Exposure Time
21
Q
  1. How divided the methods for determining the concentration of the dusts?
A

direct the directly observable mass of dust (mg/m3) or the number of particles per unit volume (1/m3);
• indirectly by directly imposing other dusty air parameters are transformed into the dust in the air. The direct weighing of dust and particle counting methods. Indirect dust concentration in the most commonly used methods:
- radioisotope based on the ability to absorb radioactive dust radiation;
- piezo-electric based on piezo-crystal oscillation frequency changes due to piezoelectric crystal mass increase caused by the dust deposited on it;
- capacitive based capacitor capacitance changes due to the different clean air and dusty air dielectric permittivity;
- optical absorption based on absorption of light in the dusty air.

22
Q
  1. How divided the Limit Values (LV) of harmful chemicals according to exposure time?
A
  • long-term exposure limits (LELV)
    * short-term exposure limits (SELV)
    * Ceiling and limit values (CLV).
23
Q
  1. How classified the dusts according to particle size?
A

– Respirable Dust

– Inhalable Dust: Dust that enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract.

24
Q
  1. The methods and the measures for dust exposure reduction.
A
  • Fully enclosing dusty processes.
  • Local exhaust ventilation/dust collection equipment.
  • Tools with dust extraction (vacuum) devices.
  • Using water to suppress dust.
  • Operator enclosures with an air filtration system.
25
Q
  1. The operator works for 7h 30 min on a process in which he is exposed to a substance hazardous to health. The average exposure during that period is measured as
  2. 12 mg m. Calculate the 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure.
A

0.113

26
Q
  1. _____________is a possible way a worker can be exposed to a chemical
A

A) Inhalation, or breathing chemical vapors
B) Skin or eye contact:
C) Ingestion;
D) All of the above.——————–

27
Q
  1. Occupational exposure limits are _______ set by government regulators
    and expert organizations to protect healthy workers from effects due to chemical exposure.
A

a) Acceptable odor levels;
b) Air concentration levels
c) Frequency and length of employee breaks
d) All of the above.—————-

28
Q
  1. Which of the following is not true about potential chemical exposure when applying two component low pressure?
A

c) It is not necessary to wear any personal protective equipment (PPE);

29
Q
  1. Types of personal protective equipment, PPE (face eye, head, hand, foot and body protection).
A

Eye and head:

  • Machine Guards
  • Work Area Barriers
  • Ventilation
  • Lighting
  • Signs and Warnings
  • Eyewash Stations
  • Safe Work Practices
  • Safety Glasses
  • Goggles
  • Face Shields
  • Welding Helmets
  • Contact Lenses
  • Hard hats
30
Q
  1. What are the types of electrical injuries?
A
  • flash, flame, lightning, and true.
31
Q
  1. What are the levels of the effect of current?
A
  • 1 milliamp Just a faint tingle.
  • 5 milliamps Slight shock felt. Disturbing, but not painful.
  • 6-25 milliamps (women)† Painful shock. Muscular control is lost.
  • 9-30 milliamps (men)
  • 50-150 milliamps Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest (breathing stops), severe muscle contractions.
32
Q
  1. How to protect yourself from electricity?
A
  • Don’t wear metal objects
  • Turn power off
  • Wear appropriate clothing
  • Don’t touch live parts
  • Don’t install or repair electrical equipment
  • Use qualified personnel
  • Clean and dry leads and plugs before use
  • Use PPE
33
Q
  1. What is grounding? What must be grounded?
A
  • “Grounding” a tool or electrical system means intentionally
  • creating a low-resistance path that connects to the earth.
  • All circuits and extension
  • cords.
  • All noncurrent carrying metal parts.
  • Portable & semi-portable tools and equipment unless double insulated.
34
Q
  1. Which factors impact the severity of the shock?
A

1) the amount of current passing through the body.
2) the duration of the current flow
3) the current path through the body.

35
Q
  1. What is the live part? What is the exposed conductive part?
A
  • A conductor or conductive part intended to be energized in normal use, including a neutral conductor
  • A conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not a live part but which may become live under fault conditions
36
Q
  1. What are the direct and indirect contacts?
A
  • Direct contact is coming into contact with a part that is live
  • Indirect contact is coming into contact with an exposed conductive part.
37
Q
  1. What are the types of main earthing systems?
A
  • TT System (T is direct connection to earth, N direct connection to neutral, I no connection)
  • TN System
  • IT System

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