Human Reproduction & Health Flashcards
Describe the physical and emotional changes that happen in FEMALES during puberty
- underarm and pubic hair
- breast development
- hips widen
- mensuration
- mood swings: confused, sad, over-sensitive, irritable
Females start puberty between the ages of 9-14
Describe the physical and emotional changes that happen in MALES during puberty
- facial hair
- voice deepens
- underarm and pubic hair
- ejaculation can happen
- mood swings: confused, sad, irritable, over-sensitive
Males start puberty between the ages of 10-17
Know the function of each part in the female reproductive system
Ovaries - contains developing ova
Oviducts - catch ova as they come out of the ovaries. Move ova down to the womb
Uterus- a bag in which fertilized ovum develops into a baby
Cervix- a ring of muscle that closes the lower end of the womb
Vagina- a tube leading up to the womb; where the penis enters and for sperm to be ejaculated
Vulva - the outer opening of the vagina
Know the function of each part in the male reproduction system.
Testes- makes sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone
Penis-passes sperm from man to a woman during sexual intercourse
Erectile tissue - fills with blood before intercourse making the penis stuff and erect and easier to penetrate the vagina
Sperm tubes - carry sperm from the testes to the penis
Glands - they make the liquid part of semen. Contains chemicals which cause the sperms to swim after they enter the woman’s body
Recall the hormones in the menstrual cycle
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. AKA, it helps follicle cells in the ovary start to mature
Estrogen is produced by the ovaries. It stops the pituitary gland from making FSH and causes the uterus lining to build up
LH (Leutinizing hormone) made by the pituitary gland, helps the egg cell to be released from the ovary
Progesterone is made in the ovaries by the corpus luteum, it causes uterus lining to stay thick
Recall the phases of the menstrual cycle
Phase 1) period/menstruation: days 1-5
If an egg is not fertilized the uterus lining is shed. Small amount of blood and tissue are released
Phase 2) follicular : days 6-12
Lining of the uterus starts to grow again. Egg matures in follicle cell in the ovary
Phase 3) ovulation: days 13-15
A follicle cell releases an egg from an ovary. The empty follicle cell inside the ovary turns into a structure called corpus luteum
Phase 4) luteal: days 16-28
The egg travels down the Fallopian tube towards the uterus. The uterus lining continues to thicken and reaches its thickest point.
Describe the sequence of events during fertilization of an egg
Fertilization - the process by which male and female sex cells unite to form a new individual
- A mature egg is released from an ovary during ovulation
- It travels down the oviduct toward the uterus
- Millions of sperm meet up with the egg in the oviduct but only one enters it
- The nucleus of the sperm joins with the nucleus of the egg
- The egg is now fertilized and called a zygote
Explain the difference between fraternal, identical and conjoined twins
Identical twins: only one egg is fertilized but it decides into two embryos, explaining why they share the same genetic material
Fraternal twins: two separate eggs are fertilized by separate sperm. They are no more genetically similar than siblings born apart
Conjoined twins: identical twins that do not fully separate from each other due to the incomplete division of the fertilized ovum.
Describe the three stages of giving birth
Stage 1)
early labor: contractions cause the amniotic sac to burst and the cervix lining thins out and dilates. This time is usually spent at home
Active labor: cervix dilates quicker and contractions are longer, stronger and closer together. Referred to as the ‘transition’
What is a hormone?
Chemicals that are made by glands in your body. They are carried abound in your blood and cause changes to happen.
What are the different functions for the different parts of cells?
Nucleus - controls cell growth and reproduction. It is the command center of the cell and is commonly the most prominent organelle in the cell
Cytoplasm - the material or protoplasm within a living cell
Zona pellucida - strong membrane that forms around the ovum when in the ovary
Cell surface membrane - a biological membrane that separates the interior cell from the outside environment
Cells of corona radiata - zone of small follicle cells surrounding the ovum
What are the functions of a male sex cell?
Acrosome - a packet of enzymes that help the sperm to get through the outer layers of the egg.
Cell membrane - holds cell together
Nucleus - contains the genetic material
Midpeice - contains tightly packed mitochondria to power the tail
Tail - beats rapidly to propel the sperm through the female reproductive tract
