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Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sequence for transport of sperm

A

1) seminiferous tubules
2) rete testis
3) Vasa efferentia
4) epididymis
5) vas deferens
6) ejaculatory duct
7) urethra
8) urethral meatus

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2
Q

Leydig cells secrete ___?

A

Androgens

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3
Q

Function of sertoli cells

A

Provide nutrition to male germ cells.

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4
Q

Sertoli cells are found in ___?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

Seminal plasma in humans is rich in ___?

A

Fructose, calcium and certain enzymes

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6
Q

Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of ____?

A

Uterus

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7
Q

Which part of the fallopian tube is closest to the ovary ?

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

Which glands are situated on either side of vagina in humans ?

A

Bartholin’s glands

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9
Q

When is the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte completed ?

A

At the time of fusion of sperm and ovum.

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10
Q

Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called ____?

A

Spermiogenesis

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11
Q

Temperature of scrotum

A

2°C lower than body temperature

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12
Q

How many compartments does each testis have ?

A

250 testicular lobules.

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13
Q

Each testicular lobule consists of ___?

A

1 - 3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules.

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14
Q

Which glands help in lubrication of the penis?

A

Bulbourethral glands.

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15
Q

Each ovary is covered by ________ , which encloses _________?

A

Covered by Epithelium

Encloses Ovarian stroma

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16
Q

The ovarian stroma is divided into what zones ?

A

Peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.

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17
Q

How long is each fallopian tube ?

A

10 to 12 cm

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18
Q

Finger like projections on the edges of the infundibulum are called ?

A

Fimbrae.

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19
Q

Name the layers of the walls of the uterus.

A

1) outermost- perimetrium
2) middle- myometrium
3) innermost - endometrium

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20
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall exhibits strong contraction during delivery ?

A

Myometrium

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21
Q

Which layer of the antral follicle is acellular ?

A

Zona pellucida

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22
Q

Ploidy of spermatogonia.

A

Diploid

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23
Q

Sequence of sperm formation.

A

1) spermatogonia
(primary spermatocytes)
2) secondary spermatocytes
3) spermatids
4) spermatozoa

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24
Q

How many sperms does ONE secondary spermatocyte produce )

A

2 ( equal and haploid)

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25
Q

Which hormone does GnRH secrete ?

A
  1. Luteinising hormone
  2. Follicle stimulating hormone
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26
Q

Where does the luteinising hormone act ?

A

At the leydig cells.

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27
Q

Function of LH hormone in spermatogenesis

A

Stimulation and secretion of androgens.

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28
Q

Which hormones stimulates the process of spermatogenesis

A

Androgens and FSH

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29
Q

Sertoli cells are regulated by which hormone ?

A

Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)

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30
Q

Which enzyme in the acrosome helps in the fertilisation of the ovum ?

A

Sperm lysins

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31
Q

How many sperms does a human male ejaculate during coitus ?

A

200 - 300 million

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32
Q

Primary oocytes are arrested at which stage of division ?

A

Prophase 1 of meiotic division.

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33
Q

How does primary oocyte get transformed into a primary follicle ?

A

Gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells.

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34
Q

How many follicles are left in each ovary at the time of puberty ?

A

60000- 80000

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35
Q

How is a secondary follicle characterised ?

A

More layers of granulosa cells and a new theca.

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36
Q

How is the tertiary follicle characterised?

A

Fluid filled cavity - antrum

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37
Q

At which stage does the primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division ?

A

Within tertiary follicle.

38
Q

Sperms are more active in which medium ?

A

Alkaline pH.

39
Q

Which hormone causes the release of ovum from the graafian follicle ?

A

Estrogen.

40
Q

No new follicles develop in luteal phase due to____?

A

Low level of FSH and LH hormones.

41
Q

Follicular phase is also called ?

A

Proliferative phase

42
Q

Luteal phase is also called ?

A

Secretory phase.

43
Q

Changes in GnRH pulse frequency in females is controlled by circulating levels of ______?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

Where is inhibin produced from

A

Granulosa cells

45
Q

What does inhibin inhibit ?

A

Secretion of FHS

46
Q

Main function of corpus luteum is to produce____?

A

Progesterone

47
Q

Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of which hormone ?

A

Progesterone

48
Q

The secretory phase in the menstrual cycle lasts for _____

A

13 days

49
Q

When does the LH surge occur during the menstrual cycle

A

14th day.

50
Q

How much blood is lost during menstruation ?

A

45 to 100 mL

51
Q

Which part of the ovary acts as an endocrine gland after ovulation ?

A

Graafian follicle

52
Q

Menstrual cycle can be postponed my the administration of ____?

A

Combination of estrogen and progesterone

53
Q

Extrusion of second polar body from egg occurs after and before ?

A

After entry of sperm but before fertilisation

54
Q

Meiosis 2 in females is not completed until ____)

A

Fertilisation

55
Q

Capacitation occurs in

A

Female reproductive tract

56
Q

When does the cleavage of the egg start ?

A

When the egg is in the fallopian tube.

57
Q

Daughter cells of the zygote are called

A

Blastomeres

58
Q

Embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called

A

Morula

59
Q

Blastocyst is also called

A

Blastula

60
Q

Which region of the uterus does fertilisation take place ?

A

Ampulla

61
Q

Ploidy of secondary oocyte

A

Haploid

62
Q

Ploidy of ootid

A

Haploid

63
Q

In females, the blastocyst gets implanted in endometrium by ____?

A

Trophoblast cells

64
Q

What happens to the cells during cleavage ?

A

Size of cells decreases

65
Q

How are blastomeres arranged in the blastocyst ?

A

Outer layer - trophoblast

Inner layer - inner cell mass

66
Q

What differentiates into embryo in the blastocyst ?

A

Inner cell mass.

67
Q

Finger like projections on trophoblasts are called ?

A

Chorionic villi

68
Q

What is the placenta created from ?

A

Chorionic villi and uterine tissue

69
Q

Chorionic tissue is surrounded by ?

A

Uterine tissue and maternal blood.

70
Q

The amnion if mammalian embryo is developed from ____?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

71
Q

Signals of parturition originate from

A

Placenta and fully developed foetus

72
Q

Relaxin is secreted by

A

Ovary

73
Q

Hormones released in women on during pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Relaxin

74
Q

Fetal ejection reflex triggers the release of?

A

Oxytocin of maternal pituitary

75
Q

Fetal ejection reflex is induced by ?

A

Fetus ( fully developed )
and placenta

76
Q

Which Extra embryonic membrane in humans prevents desiccation of embryo inside uterus ?

A

Amnion

77
Q

Inner mass cells differentiates into what layers ?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

78
Q

Which cells have potency to give rise to all tissues and organs ?

A

Stem cells.

79
Q

Stem cells are found in ?

A

Inner cell mass

80
Q

Changes in embryo after one month ?

A

Heart is formed

81
Q

Changes in foetus by the end of second Month ?

A

Development of limbs and digits.

82
Q

Changes in foetus by end of first trimester/12 weeks ?

A

Major organ systems are formed.

83
Q

When are the first movements of foetus and appearance of hair on head usually observed ?

A

During fifth month

84
Q

When does the body of the foetus covered with fine hair, eye lids separate and eyelashes are formed ?

A

After 24 weeks
( end of 2nd trimester )

85
Q

Duration of human pregnancy is called

A

Gestation period

86
Q

Process of delivery of foetus is called

A

Parturition

87
Q

Where does the oxytocin act during parturition ?

A

Uterine muscle

88
Q

The milk produced during initial days of lactation is called ?

A

Colostrum

89
Q

Ploidy of a human zygote

A

Diploid

90
Q

Function of cells of alveoli

A

Secrete milk.

Biology (8 decks)

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