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Human Health And Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood circulation was discovered by ___?

A

William Harvey

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2
Q

What factors affect the human health ?

A

1.Genetic disorders
2. Infections
3. lifestyle

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3
Q

Disease causing organisms are called ____?

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

Which pathogen causes typhoid ?

A

Bacterium

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5
Q

Which bacterium causes typhoid ?

A

Salmonella typhi.

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6
Q

Pathogen causing typhoid attacks which part of the body ?

A

Attacks small intestine through food and water.
Then migrates to other organs by blood.

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7
Q

Common symptoms of typhoid.

A

1.High fever - 39°c to 40°c
2.Weakness
3.stomach pain
4.constipation
5.headache
6.loss of appetite

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8
Q

Severe cases of typhoid disease leads to ____?

A

Intestinal perforation or death.

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9
Q

How is the typhoid fever confirmed ?

A

Widal test

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10
Q

A typical example of widal test was given by ___?

A

Mary Mallon.

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11
Q

Which pathogen is responsible for pneumonia?

A

Bacteria.

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12
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for pneumonia?

A

1.Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.Haemophilus influenzae

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13
Q

Pneumonia causing bacteria attacks which part of the body ?

A

Alveoli of lungs.

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14
Q

Common symptoms of pneumonia.

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Cough
  4. Headache
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15
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia in severe cases.

A

Gray to bluish coloration of lips and finger nails.

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16
Q

Dysentery, plague, diphtheria are examples of which pathogenic diseases ?

A

Bacterial diseases.

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17
Q

Which pathogen causes common cold ?

A

Virus.

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18
Q

Which virus causes common cold ?

A

Rhino virus.

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19
Q

Which part of the body does the Rhino virus affect ?

A

Nose and respiratory passage but NOT the lungs.

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20
Q

Common symptoms of common cold.

A
  1. Nasal congestion
  2. Sore throat
  3. Hoarseness
  4. Cough
  5. Headache
  6. Tiredness
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21
Q

How long does a common cold last ?

A

3 to 7 days

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22
Q

Which pathogen causes Malaria ?

A

Protozoa

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23
Q

Which protozoan is responsible for causing malaria ?

A

Plasmodium

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24
Q

Which species of plasmodium are responsible for different types of malaria ?

A
  1. P. Vivax
  2. P. Malaria
  3. P. Falciparum
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25
Q

Which species of plasmodium is the most dangerous and causes malignant malaria ?

A

P. Falciparum

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26
Q

In what form does the plasmodium enter the human body ?

A

Sporozites

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27
Q

How does the plasmodium enter the human body ?

A

Through the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito.

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28
Q

Where do plasmodium multiply in the human body ?

A

Liver cells.

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29
Q

Where do the plasmodium attack in the human body ?

A

Attack RBC’s

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30
Q

What happens after the sporozites attack the RBc’s in the human body ?

A
  1. RBC’s rupture
  2. Release of toxic substance - haemozoin.
  3. Haemozoin responsible for chills and high fever.
  4. Fever recurring every 3 to 4 days.
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31
Q

Where are the sporozites stored in the mosquitoes body ?

A

Salivary glands.

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32
Q

Which parasite requires two hosts ?

A

Malarial parasites.

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33
Q

Which pathogen causes Amoebiasis?

A

Protozoa.

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34
Q

Which protozoan parasite causes amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica.

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35
Q

Which part of the body does the protozoa Entamoeba attack ?

A

Large intestine.

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36
Q

Symptoms of amoebic dysentery.

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Cramps
  4. Stool with excess mucous and blood clots.
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37
Q

Main source of infection for amoebic dysentery.

A

Contaminated food and water by houselflies.

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38
Q

Which pathogen causes Ascariasis ?

A

Helminths.

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39
Q

Which pathogen causes filariasis ?

A

Helminths

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40
Q

Ascaris is commonly known as ?

A

Round worm

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41
Q

Ascaris attacks which part of the body ?

A

Intestine.

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42
Q

Which helminth causes ascariasis?

A

Ascaris.

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43
Q

Symptoms of ascariasis.

A
  1. Internal Bleeding.
  2. Muscular pain.
  3. Fever.
  4. Anemia
  5. Blockage of intestinal passage.
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44
Q

Source of infection for ascariasis?

A

Eggs of parasite excreted along faeces of infected person contaminates soil, water, plants which consequently contaminates drinking water, fruits and vegetables.

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45
Q

Wuchereria are commonly know as ?

A

Filarial worms.

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46
Q

Species of wuchereria.

A

W. Bancrofti
W. Malayi

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47
Q

Where does the filarial worm attack ?

A

Lymphatic vessels of lower limbs

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48
Q

Which helminth causes elephantiasis ?

A

Wuchereria

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49
Q

Source of infection for elephantiasis.

A

Female mosquito vectors.

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50
Q

Pathogen responsible for ringworm.

A

Fungi.

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51
Q

What kind of fungi are responsible for ringworm?

A

Fungi belonging to genera
1. Microsporum
2. Trichophyton
3. Epidermophyton

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52
Q

Main symptoms of ringworm.

A

1.Dry scaly lesions - skin, nails, scalp.
2. Intense itching

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53
Q

Where do ringworm causing fungi grow the most.

A

Skin folds - groin or between toes, dye to heat and moisture.

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54
Q

Source of infection of ringworm.

A

Acquired from soil or sharing belongings with affected individual.

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55
Q

Disease caused by contaminated food and water.

A

1.Typhoid
2. Amoebiasis
3. Ascariasis

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56
Q

How do sporozites reproduce in liver cells ?

A

Asexually

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57
Q

Where do the sexual stages ( gametophytes) of sporozites develop ?

A

RBC’s of human body.

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58
Q

Where does fertilisation and further development of malarial parasites take place ?

A

Mosquito’s gut.

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59
Q

Dengue and chikungunya are vector borne diseases carried by ____?

A

Aedes mosquito

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60
Q

What kind of fishes feed on mosquito larvae ?

A

Gambusia

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61
Q

Which disease has been completely eradicated by the use of vaccines ?

A

Smallpox

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62
Q

Which type of immunity is non specific ?

A

Innate immunity.

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63
Q

How is innate immunity acquired ?

A

It is not acquired. It is present at the time of birth.

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64
Q

Innate immunity consists of 4 types of barriers. What are they ?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Physiological
  3. Cellular
  4. Cytokine
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65
Q

Example of physical barriers of our body.

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous coating of
    a) respiratory tract
    b) gastrointestinal tract
    c) urogenital tract
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66
Q

Example of physiological barriers in human body.

A
  1. Acid in stomach
  2. Saliva in mouth
  3. Tears from eyes
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67
Q

Use of physiological barriers of our body.

A

Prevent microbial growth.

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68
Q

Example of cellular barriers of human body.

A

1.Leukocytes(WBC) -
a) PMNL neutrophil
b) monocyte
2. Lymphocytes in blood
3. macrophages in tissues

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69
Q

Use of cellular barriers in body.

A

Phagocytosis and destruction of microbes.

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70
Q

Natural killers in the blood are ?

A

Lymphocytes

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71
Q

PMNL stands for ?

A

Polymorpho - nuclear leukocytes

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72
Q

Interferons are _____?

A

Antiviral proteins produced by infected cells to protect non infected cells from further infection as a form of cytokine barrier of innate immunity.

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73
Q

Which kind of immunity is pathogen specific ?

A

Acquired immunity.

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74
Q

How is the acquired immunity characterised in the body ?

A

By memory.

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75
Q

Secondary response of acquired immunity is also called ?

A

Anamnestic response.

76
Q

Responses of the acquired immunity are carried out with the help of ___ ?

A

B - lymphocytes and T - lymphocytes

77
Q

Antibodies are produced by ____?

A

B- lymphocytes

78
Q

Do the T lymphocytes secrete antibodies ?

A

No. They only help B cells produce them.

79
Q

Each molecule of antibody consists of ?

A

4 peptide chains :
2 light, small chains +
2 heavy, long chains

80
Q

An antibody is represented as ?

A

H²L².

81
Q

Types of antibodies produced in our body.

A

1.IgA
2.IgM
3.IgE
4.IgG

82
Q

Antibody mediated response in our body is called?

A

Humoral immune response.

83
Q

Two types of acquired immune response ?

A

1.Humoral immune response
2.Cell mediated immune response

84
Q

Cell mediated immunity response is mediated by ?

A

T lymphocytes.

85
Q

Which immune response is responsible for graft/transplant rejection in the body ?

A

Acquired cell mediated immune response.

86
Q

What kind of immunity does the body induce when ready made antibodies are directly given against foreign agents ?

A

Passive immunity

87
Q

Injecting microbes deliberately during immunisation induces what kind of immunity ?

A

Active immunity.

88
Q

The yellowish fluid secreted by mother during initial days of lactation is called ?

A

Colostrum

89
Q

Antibodies in colostrum ?

A

IgA

90
Q

The foetus receives antibodies from their mother through placenta. This is an example of what kind of immunity ?

A

Passive immunity.

91
Q

What is the principle of vaccination or immunisation?

A

Memory of immune system.

92
Q

What is induced in the body through vaccination?

A

Antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated pathogen.

93
Q

which kind of immunity is slower ?

A

Active immunity is slow.

94
Q

Which vaccine is produced from yeast ?

A

Hepatitis B vaccine.

95
Q

The substance to which an immune response is produced is called ?

A

Allergens.

96
Q

Exaggerated response of immune system to certain antigens present in environment is called ?

A

Allergies.

97
Q

Type of antibodies produced to allergens are ?

A

IgE type.

98
Q

Symptoms of allergic reactions.

A

1.Sneezing,
2.watery eyes,
3.running nose,
4.difficulty in breathing

99
Q

Allergy is due to release of which chemicals?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Serotonin
100
Q

From where are the allergy causing chemicals released ?

A

Mast cells.

101
Q

What kind of drugs quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy ?

A
  1. Anti histamine
  2. Adrenaline
  3. steroids
102
Q

What happens to a body when suffering from an auto immune disease ?

A

The body attacks self cells.

103
Q

Example of auto immune disease.

A

1.Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Psoriasis
3. Vitiligo

104
Q

The human immune system consists of ____?

A
  1. Lymphoid organs
  2. Tissues
  3. Cells
  4. Soluble molecules ( antibodies)
105
Q

Lymphoid organs are origin of ?

A

Maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes.

106
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs ?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
107
Q

What happens in primary lymphoid organs ?

A

Immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes.

108
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs ?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Tonsils
  4. Peyer’s patches -
    ( small intestine and appendix)
109
Q

Function of secondary lymphoid organs.

A

Provide sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen.

110
Q

What happens after lymphocytes interact with the antigen ?

A

They proliferate and become effector cells.

111
Q

The main lymphoid organs where all blood cells are produced ?

A

Bone marrow.

112
Q

Location of thymus.

A

Near the heart, beneath breast-bone.

113
Q

What is large in size at the time of birth and reduces in size after puberty ?

A

Thymus.

114
Q

Development and maturation of T lymphocytes occur in ?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

115
Q

The spleen consists of ?

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes.

116
Q

Shape of the spleen.

A

Large bean shaped organ.

117
Q

Function of spleen.

A

1.Acts as a filter of blood.
2. Had a large reservoir of erythrocytes.

118
Q

How are the lymphocytes activated ?

A

By antigens trapped in the lymph nodes.

119
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Trapping microorganisms or antigens in the lymph or tissue fluid.

120
Q

Lymphoid tissue that constitutes 50 percent of lymphoid tissue in the human body.

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
(MALT)

121
Q

Location of MALT.

A

Within lining of major tracts
(respiratory,digestive, urogenital)

122
Q

AIDS stands for.

A

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

123
Q

Aids was first reported in ?

A

1981

124
Q

Pathogen that causes AIDS

A

HIV virus.

125
Q

HIV stands for

A

Human Immuno Deficiency Virus

126
Q

HIV belongs to a group of viruses called ?

A

Retroviruses.

127
Q

Retroviruses are characterised by ?

A

Envelope enclosing RNA genome.

128
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread from person to person ?

A

Through body fluids.

129
Q

Where does the HIV virus enter after getting into the body ?

A

Macrophages

130
Q

What happens after the HIV virus enters the marophage ?

A

2 molecules of single stranded RNA of virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of 2 molecules of reverse transcriptase.

131
Q

Along with macrophages, HIV simultaneously enters into ?

A

T lymphocytes.

132
Q

Progressive decrease in T lymphocytes in the body leads to

A

Fever, diarrhoea, weight loss.

133
Q

Diagnostic test for AIDS.

A

Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA)

134
Q

purpose of NACO in our country ?

A

Educate people about AIDS.

135
Q

Defect in cancer cells.

A

Breakdown of regulatory mechanisms of cell growth and differentiation.

136
Q

What property does a normal cell have that a cancer cell appears to have lost ?

A

Contact inhibition.

137
Q

Two types of tumours.

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
138
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A

Mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells.

139
Q

Property of malignant tumors to reach distant sites through blood ?

A

Metastasis

140
Q

Agents that cause cancer are called ?

A

Carcinogen.

141
Q

Genes that are identified in normal cells that could lead to oncogenic transformation under certain conditions are called ?

A

Cellular oncogenes or proto oncogenes.

142
Q

Computed tomography uses the help of

A

X rays

143
Q

Use of CT scan

A

3 D image of internals of an object

144
Q

Uses of MRI

A

Detection of pathological and physiological changes in living tissue.

145
Q

MRI uses the help of ___?

A

Strong magnetic fields and non ionizing radiations.

146
Q

Common approaches for treatment of cancer.

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiation therapy
  3. Immunotherapy
147
Q

What substances are cancer patients given to activate their immune system ?

A

Biological response modifiers -
(alpha interferon )

148
Q

Where are the opioid receptors present in our body ?

A

1.Central nervous system
2. Gastrointestinal tract

149
Q

Drug that is commonly called smack

A

Heroin.

150
Q

Chemical name of heroin.

A

Diacetylmorphine.

151
Q

Physical properties of heroin.

A

1.White
2.Odourless
3.bitter
4.Crystalline

152
Q

How is heroin obtained chemically ?

A

Acetylation of morphine.

153
Q

Morphine is extracted from ?

A

Latex of poppy plant - papaver somniferum

154
Q

Effects of heroin on the body.

A
  1. Depressant.
  2. Slows down body functions
155
Q

Cannabinoid receptors are present in ?

A

The brain.

156
Q

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from ?

A

Inflorescences of plant Cannabis sativa

157
Q

Which parts of the cannabis plant are used to produce drugs ?

A
  1. Flower tops
  2. Leaves
  3. Resins
158
Q

Where does cannabinoid affect the body ?

A

Cardiovascular system.

159
Q

Coca alkaloid is obtained from ?

A

Coca plant - Erythroxylum Coca

160
Q

The Coca plant is native to ?

A

South America.

161
Q

Drug commonly known as crack.

A

Cocaine.

162
Q

Effect of cocaine on body.

A

1.Potent stimulating action on CNS,
2.Produces sense of euphoria,
3.Increased energy

163
Q

Drugs causing hallucinations

A

1.Cocaine.
2. L.S.D
3. Hashish

164
Q

Plants with hallucinogenic properties.

A

1.Atropa Belladona
2. Datura

165
Q

Drugs used by mentally ill patients to cope with depression and insomnia.

A
  1. Barbiturates
  2. Amphetamines
    3.benzodiazepines
166
Q

Drug used as a sedative and a painkiller.

A

Morphine.

167
Q

Chemical substance present in tobacco.

A

Alkaloids - nicotine

168
Q

Effect of nicotine on the body.

A

Stimulation of adrenal gland to release adrenalin and nor- adrenalin.

169
Q

Effect of smoking on the body.

A

1.Increase carbon monoxide in blood
2. Reduce in concentration of haemobound oxygen.

170
Q

Damage of nervous system and liver due to chronic use of drugs

A

Cirrhosis.

171
Q

Drugs misused by sportspersons.

A

1.Narcotic analgesics
2.anabolic steroids
3.diuretics

172
Q

Side effects of anabolic steroids on females.

A
  1. Increased Aggresiveness
  2. Abnormal menstrual cycles
  3. Enlargement of clitoris
  4. Excessive hair growth
  5. Depression
  6. Deepening of voice
173
Q

Side effects of steroids on males.

A
  1. Reduction of size of testicles
  2. Decreased sperm production
  3. liver and kidney dysfunction
  4. Breast enlargement
  5. Enlargement of prostate gland
174
Q

Effect of steroids on adolescents

A
  1. Stunted growth
  2. Severe body acne
175
Q

Ionizing radiations that cause DNA damage.

A
  1. X rays
  2. Gamma rays
176
Q

Non ionizing radiations that cause DNA damage.

A

UV rays.

177
Q

Effect of cocaine on the body.

A

Interferes with transport of neurotransmitter dopamine.

178
Q

Motile zygote of plasmodium occurs in

A

Gut of female anopheles.

179
Q

Antibodies in our bodies are complex ______?

A

Glycoproteins.

180
Q

Where are antigens present in the cell ?

A

On cell surface.

181
Q

Safest technique for detection of cancer.

A

MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging)

182
Q

Opiate narcotics.

A

1.Morphine
2. Heroin

183
Q

What is the use of analgesic drugs ?

A

Releive pain.

184
Q

HIV factory in the body

A

Macrophages

185
Q

Enzyme responsible for replication of HIV in macrophages

A

Reverse transcriptase

186
Q

After entering T cell, HIV first forms

A

Single stranded DNA

Biology (8 decks)

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