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Biology Year 2 > Human reproduction > Flashcards

Human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the scrotum

A

it provides an optimum temperature for sperm production

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2
Q

testes function

A

produces the male gametes(spermatozoa)

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3
Q

urethra

A

a tube that connects the the bladder to the outside, passes through the penis and transfers urine and semen to the outside

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4
Q

penis

A

organ that is used to pass semen into the reproductive system

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5
Q

vas deferens function

A

a tube that takes the sperm from the testis to the urethra during ejaculation

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6
Q

epididymis function

A

it is where sperms collect and mature

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7
Q

prostate glands functions

A

produces an alkaline secretion that neutralises any urine left in the urethra
it also aids sperm mobility

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8
Q

seminal vesicle

A

gland that produces nutrient secretions that help sperm mobility

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9
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia undergoes mitosis to form a germinal epithelium on the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule

the spermatogonia grow into primary spermatocytes, which are diploid

the diploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to produce secondary spermatocytes

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to form spermatids, which are haploid

the haploid spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa. the spermatozoa grows

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10
Q

site of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

function of the sertoli cells

A

they nourish the spermatozoa once they are formed

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12
Q

throughout spermatogenesis, which cells provide nutrients for the different stages of the process

A

sertoli cells

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13
Q

functions of the ovaries

A

they produce the female gametes
they secrete the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

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14
Q

function of the fallopian tube (uterine tube)

A

it is the site of fertilisation
it connects to ovaries to the uterus

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15
Q

myometrium

A

a muscular layer of the uterus

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16
Q

endometrium

A

it is where the blastocyst gets implanted if fertilisation occurs

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17
Q

cervix

A

a muscular ring that closes the entrance to the uterus. it dilates during birth

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18
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the outside of ther body

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18
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the outside of the body

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19
Q

urethra function

A

it connects to the bladder, allowing the passage of urine

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20
Q

bladder

A

it stores urine

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21
Q

describe the process of oogenesis

A

oogonia formed before birth undergoes mitosis to form primary oocytes

primary oocytes start to divide by meiosis but stop at prophase 1

the primary oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells forming the primary follicles

At puberty, FSH from the pituitary glands stimulate some of the primary follicles to develop into secondary follicles

the primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division to form a haploid secondary and a small polar body

the secondary oocyte is now in the graafian follicle. it starts meiosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2

it migrates to the surface of the ovary where it bursts, projecting the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube. This is ovulation.

Meiosis 2 is only completed if fertilisation occurs.
An ovum is formed during fertilisation

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22
Q

fertilization can only take place after

A

capacitation

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23
Q

what happens during capacitation

A

*removal of glycoprotein from the outer layer of the sperm and plasma proteins from the seminal fluid

*removal of cholesterol (this weakens the cell membrane)

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24
the effect of capacitation
it causes a change in the membrane covering the acrosome, thereby increasing the chance of binding the sperm to the secondary oocyte
25
during capacitation, ...................... in the uterus causes the ................... of the sperm to become more permeable to .................... ............. which increases the .............. ................... and starts ....................... reaction
enzymes membrane calcium ions tail activity acrosome
26
describe the journey of the sperm to meet with the secondary oocyte
the sperm are released from the epididymis and travel along the vas deferens out of the penis through the urethra spermatozoa are deposited at the top of the vagina they swim through the cervix along the lining of the uterus into the oviduct where they meet the secondary oocyte
27
describe the acrosome reaction
contact with the outer jelly coat results in the acrosome membrane rupturing and the release of the hydrolytic protease enzymes these enzymes digest the corona radiata and the zona pellucida entry of the head of the sperm into the secondary oocyte stimulates the completion of meiosis 2. this produces the ovum and the second polar body
28
corona radiata and zona pellucida
glycoprotein layers around the secondary oocyte
29
Spermatozoa are produced in the ?
Seminiferous tubules
30
cortical reaction
process that produces a fertilization membrane and prevents polyspermy
31
describe what happens in cortical reaction
entry of a single sperm causes calcium ions to be released from the SER this causes cortical granules in the ovum to release enzymes that change the structure of the zona pellucida to produce a fertilization membrane, which prevents the entry of any further sperm the nucleus of the ovum fuses with the nucleus of the sperm to form a diploid zygote
32
blastocysts
a hollow ball of undifferentiated cells
33
the cleavage
this is the first division in a series of mitotic divisions that result to the formation of the blastocyst
34
implantation
this is when the blastocyst reaches the uterus and is embedded into the endometrium
35
following fertilisation the ovum is known as the ................. why is this
zygote because the nucleus of the spermatozoa and the ovum fuse immediately after fertilisation
36
the zygote divides by................ to form the blastocyst
mitosis
37
outer layer of the blastocyst
trophoblast
38
the trophoblast later develops into the?
chorion
39
chorion
the fetal part of the placenta
40
function of the trophoblast
produces HCG which maintains the corpus luteum for the first 16 weeks of pregnancy
41
what is the significance of the trophoblastic villi penetrating the endometrium
it increases the surface area for the absorption of nutrients
42
what happens when cells of the chorion move into the chorionic villi
they form the chorionic villi, which are larger than the trophoblastic villi
43
the placenta connects the ............... to the ....................... wall
embryo/ foetus uterus
44
blood from the embryo travels to the placenta through arteries of the .................... and returns via the ......................
umbilical cord umbilical vein
45
the 5 major roles of the placenta
it takes over the corpus luteum to secrete the hormone progesterone and oestrogen for gas exchange with the mother's circulation allows the mother's antibodies to protect the foetus by passive immunity it protects the foetus from the mother's immune system it serves as a barrier to high blood pressure and toxins in the mother's blood
46
how does the placenta protect the foetus from the mother's immune system
by preventing white blood cells from the mother passing into the foetal blood circulation
47
amnion
a membrane derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
48
what happens when amniotic fluid starts to accumulate
the amnion membrane is eventually pushed outwards
49
during development, the amniotic protects the foetus by?
maintaining the optimum temperature for the development of the foetus providing lubrication contributing to lung development acting as a shock absorber
50
function of progesterone and oestrogen
they inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH, thereby preventing more follicles from forming, so ovulation will not occur
51
progesterone also suppresses the uterine wall's ability to?
contract
52
function of oestrogen
inhibits the secretion of LH it also stimulates the growth of the uterus to accommodate the foetus and growth and development of mammary glands
53
the decrease in progesterone levels allows the secretion of?
oxytocin and prolactin
54
function of oxytocin
causes the contraction of the myometrium
55
when oxytocin is released, positive feedback leads to ................. and ..........................
a further increase in oxytocin levels and stronger contractions
56
oxytocin is secreted by the
posterior pituitary gland
57
prolactin is released by
the anterior pituitary gland
58
function of prolactin
it stimulates the mammary glands to synthesise milk
59
one of the major causes of female infertility
blocked uterine tubes
60
effect of blocked uterine tubes
prevents fertilisation taking place it also prevents zygote from moving down the uterine tube
61
causes of blocked fallopian tubes
endometriosis chlamydia
62
treatment for female infertility
IVF treatment
63
what is IVF treatment
this is when fertilisation takes place outside of the body and the zygote is implanted into the endometrium afterwards
64
describe the processes that occur in IVF treatment
ovulation is stimulated using hormones at a specific dose to induce several follicles to develop at the same time the oocytes are collected using a tube inserted through the vagina about a 100000 sperm are placed on a petri dish per oocyte three days later, any fertilised oocytes can be re-introduced into the uterus

Biology Year 2 (21 decks)

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