component 1 revision and exam errors Flashcards

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1
Q

strategies that can be used to prevent overfishing

A

aquaculture

minimum net mesh size, so that younger fish will not be caught

establishing exclusion zones, so certain areas that might contain breeding fish will not be fished

quotas should be introduced

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2
Q

why are farmed fishes more susceptible to lice

A

they are more closely packed, so the lice can spread from fish to fish

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3
Q

why is eliminating lice a problem for fish farms

A

lice is resistant to pesticides, and so are not easily killed

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4
Q

why is it important to prevent the escape of farmed fish from their pens

A

they might spread diseases to native fish in other areas

competition with other fish in other habitats for food, mates, habitat…..

they might breed with fish in their new habitat, thereby reducing genetic diversity

they might predate other fishes in their new habitats, thereby reducing biodiversity in the habitat

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5
Q

reasons why people might be concerned with the illegal reintroduction of beavers into sites in the UK

A

they might introduce certain diseases to the habitat or site

it could lead to the destruction of the habitat due to deforestation and reduced water flow

the site or habitat might be inappropriate for the beavers

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6
Q

what should scientists consider when planning the successful reintroduction of beavers

A

whether the habitat is suitable for the beaver

that the beaver does not occupy the same niche as other species in the habitat

that a suitable disease free beaver population is being reintroduced

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7
Q

planetary boundaries

A

the threshold for a global process that is affected by human activity. above this threshold, the global process will not be stable

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8
Q

how can deforestation directly affect the planetary boundary for climate change?

A

deforestation reduces the carbon dioxide uptake by plants during photosynthesis

using fuels in the processing of trees also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

the decay of waste tree material also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

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9
Q

using your knowledge of natural selection, suggest why more species have become extinct recently, compared to pre-industrial times

A

increased human population has caused environmental change

some species were selected against due to these environmental changes, like climate change

these species were not able to adapt in a short period of time and became extinct consequently

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10
Q

how can biodiversity loss be delayed using conservation methods

A

breeding programmes
trade restrictions
fishing quotas
restricting habitat destruction

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11
Q

red kites almost became extinct in the UK in 1995. An attempt was made to recover the red kite population.
In areas where they were absent and then re-introduced, their numbers increased more rapidly than re-introducing them in areas where they were already established. suggest why

A

fewer predators
less intraspecific competition for food or shelter
less likely to pass on disease as there are fewer of them in those areas

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12
Q

Briefly describe how reduced FAD and reduced NAD are used to create an electrochemical gradient.

A

reduced NAD and reduced FAD pass electrons onto the ETC

the high energy electrons provide energy to power proton pumps in the inner mitochondrial membrane

hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space

an electrochemical gradient is generated consequently

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13
Q

Suggest a suitable tissue to examine the mitochondrial function and explain why you have chosen this
tissue with respect to patient safety.

A

muscle

high number of mitochondria and easy to access

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14
Q

What could be deduced if the oxygen consumption was low with the pyruvate as a substrate but high
with α-ketoglutarate as a substrate?
NB: the latter is a substrate of the Krebs cycle

A

the link reaction is not working or
enzymes of the link reaction are not active

the pathway between α-ketoglutarate and the rest of the cycle is not working correctly or
there is not enough NAD or FAD to drive the ETC

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15
Q

What could be deduced if there was a build-up of any one of the Krebs cycle intermediates?

A

enzymes that are supposed to catalyze the conversion of the intermediate to the next in the cycle are not functional, so the intermediate cannot be converted

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16
Q

How do we measure biomass ?

A

In terms of mass of carbon
Or dry mass of tissue

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17
Q

Suggest three different ways that abundance can be quantified in an ecosystem

A

Through
Percentage area cover, density or percentage frequency

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18
Q

How is biomass measured

A

In terms of the mass of carbon
Or dry mass of tissue

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19
Q

Explain why there is a raised blood lactate level in many patients with mitochondrial disease

A

The krebs cycle might not be working well

Pyruvate levels build up

Excess pyruvate are then converted to lactate

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20
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide removed during the link reaction and the Krebs cycle (or during respiration)

A

Diffuses out of the mitochondria into the blood plasma, where it is carried as hydrogen carbonate ions

It is breathed out

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21
Q

Outline the pathway for the production of triose phosphate in glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylase’s twice to form 1,6- glucoseBIphosphate

2ATP are used in this process , so 2ADP molecules are formed

1,6- glucoseBIphosphate is split into 2 triode triose phosphate molecules

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22
Q

explain the biochemical reasons for carrying out lactic acid fermentation, although lactate is toxic in high concentrations

A

NAD can be regenerated during this reaction

ATP can therefore be produced without the use of the ETC or oxygen

therefore glycolysis can continue and ATP can keep being produced

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23
Q

lactic acid fermentation sometimes occurs in muscle fibres when a short burst of very rapid ATP production is needed.
suggest a reason for this

A

it is a quicker process, compared to aerobic respiration, as only glycolysis is required

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24
Q

suggest why substrate level phosphorylation is referred to as the simplest and oldest way to make ATP

A

because it does not involve the ETC

it does not require oxygen

it does not require ATP synthase

it does not need an electrochemical gradient

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25
Q

where precisely in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

on the inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

full name of ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

27
Q

name five processes in cells which require energy

A

muscle contraction
protein synthesis
active transport
cell division
nerve conduction

28
Q

explain why FAD and NAD synthesise different numbers of ATP molecules

A

because NAD use 3 proton pumps and FAD uses only 2 pumps in the ETC

29
Q

describe what would happen to the pyruvate molecules formed under anaerobic conditions in the human muscle

A

pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid

NAD is regenerated as NADH loses hydrogen to the pyruvate

30
Q

describe the production of nitrogenous waste and state where this takes place

A

Amino acids are deaminated in the liver

pyruvic acid is left over

the amino group combines with carbon dioxide to form urea

31
Q

describe the position of the “high energy bond of ATP”

A

the bond between the last 2 phosphate groups on ATP

32
Q

explain how the arrangement of pigments in the photosystem harvests light energy

A

different wavelengths of light are absorbed by different pigments in the antenna complex of the photosystem

chlorophyll a( the primary pigment) in the reaction center absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light

33
Q

in paper chromatography, why is the origin line drawn in pencil, and why is the level of solvent used below the origin line?

A

because a pencil would not dissolve in the solvent

otherwise, the pigments in the sample would dissolve in the solvent

34
Q

state two variables that would need to be controlled if paper chromatography or thin-layer chromatography was being used to compare pigments in the leaves of 2 different species of plant

A

same solvent
same chromatography paper
same TLC medium

35
Q

state the name given to a change in gene expression brought about by methylation

A

Epigenetics

36
Q

carbon dioxide and atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by living organisms
State the meaning of the word fixed as used in this context

A

it means they can be converted into a form that can be used by living organisms

37
Q

Active transport

A

a process by which cells move molecules or ions across their cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, against their concentration gradient

38
Q

how is ADP phosphorylated due to there being a high proton gradient in the intermembrane space

A

protons flow through ATP synthase

down their proton gradient(concentration gradient) by facilitated diffusion into the matrix

the energy provided as the protons flow through ATP synthase is used to phosphorylate ADP with phosphate to form ATP

39
Q

the name of the molecules that electrons are passed along on the inner membrane

A

electron carriers

40
Q

how is ATP produced via respiration used in the calvin cycle

A

Used to provide energy to reduce GP to TP
Used in the molecular rearrangement of Tp to RUBP

41
Q

can NADH be directly used in photosynthesis
describe how NADH is used in photosynthesis

A

no

it indirectly provides energy to the Calvin cycle, by donating electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration, which produces ATP

42
Q

what does a decrease in percentage change mean

A

it means whatever is being measured in decreasing

43
Q

advantage and disadvantage of expressing a change in population as a percentage

A

it helps to compare changes in different populations, and it can help to make the data more accessible to the wider audience

if the population is small, then a small change in population could result to a large change in percentage

44
Q

Cyanide is an extremely poisonous chemical that affects aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Cyanide inhibits the final electron carrier. explain how cyanide would prevent the process of AEROBIC respiration

A

ATP synthesis via the electron transport chain stops.

because cyanide stops the transfer of electrons to the final electron acceptor ( which is oxygen)

the flow of electrons stops, as electrons cannot be accepted by electron carriers

NADH and FADH cannot be oxidized as a result

45
Q

Cyanide is an extremely poisonous chemical that affects aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Cyanide inhibits the final electron carrier. explain how cyanide would prevent the process of AEROBIC respiration

explain why blood lactate levels rise as a symptom of cyanide poisoning

A

NADH cannot pass to the Krebs cycle

hydrogen donated to pyruvate to make lactate (pyruvate reduced )

so NAD regenerated, to be reused in glycolysis

so more ATP continues to be synthesized in Glycolysis

46
Q

climax community

A

the final stage of succession in which species composition remains relatively stable

47
Q

explain how an increase in global warming could have a contributory factor in the planetary boundary for biodiversity being crossed

A

sea temperature increases to above the threshold level

ice caps melt, causing destruction of habitat for organisms like polar bears

48
Q

for a bacteria with a surface area to volume ratio of 10:1, with reference to their size, explain how the bacteria are able to gain sufficient minerals from nutrient-poor waters

A

they are small, so have a large surface area to volume ratio

so a larger area for nutrients to diffuse

short diffusion distance as well, increasing the diffusion rate

49
Q

give an example of when ATP is used in an anabolic reaction and in a catabolic reaction

A

protein synthesis or condensation reactions

digestion, respiration, hydrolysis

50
Q

state what is meant by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

energy is derived directly from the breakdown of a substrate to phosphorylate ADP with phosphate to make ATP

51
Q

Explain how the Internal structures of the mitochondria are adapted to carry out respiration

A

They have cristae which is folded to increase the surface area of the mitochondria for diffusion of Oxygen into it

They have ribosomes that synthesise enzymes like dehydrogenase that carry out respiration

The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the ETC, which contains ATP synthase, to synthesise ATP

The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable , so a proton gradient can be created

52
Q

Explain how the internal structures of the chloroplasts are adapted to carry out photosynthesis

A

The thylakoid membranes have photosystems, which contain numerous photosynthetic pigments that absorb light energy

Stroma contains enzymes of the Calvin cycle

They have Ribosomes that produce enzymes like rubisco that carry out photosynthesis

The thylakoid space enables the establishment of a proton gradient

53
Q

Describe the evidence that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria

A

They both have a double membrane

They both have a circular DNA

Their DNA is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane

They both have 70s ribosomes

54
Q

Describe the effects of increasing carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures on aquatic environments

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans , and forms carbonic acid , thereby increasing the acidity of the water

Increased temperature increase the rate of photosynthesis

Increased algal blooms

Increased respiratory rate due to increased temperature , so high oxygen demand , leading to some aquatic organisms suffocating and dying

Increased temperatures could cause aquatic organisms to migrate to cooler habitats

Could cause coral reef destruction

55
Q

Control experiments vs control variables

A

An experiment without the independent variable

Vs

Factors that are kept the same

56
Q

Reasons for doing control experiments

A

To compare with the other setups with the independent variable

57
Q

Reasons for control variables

A

To ensure that the experiment is valid , and that only the independent variable affects the results

58
Q

To improve the reliability of an experiment, what do we do

A

Repeat the experiment
Identify and ignore anomalies
Calculate the mean

Have a large sample size

59
Q

How to improve validity of an experiment

A

Keep control variables the same

Standardise procedures ( collecting data in the same way)

60
Q

How to improve the accuracy of an experiment

A

Use smaller intervals

Use equipment with higher resolutions