Human Relations Theory

Question 1

Human relations theory

Answer 1

The human relations theory grew out of the human relations movement in the 1930s.
It focuses on the social element in the workplace and considers the influence of interpersonal
relationships, social conditioning, and group norms in determining the performance of
workers.

Question 2

The foundations of the human relations movement were
established in the 1920s with the pioneering studies of Elton
Mayo, an Australian psychologist who used his expertise
to implement improvements in the workplace. He and his
colleagues embarked on a series of studies on workers in the
Hawthorne Works factory of the Western Electric Company.
Among the innovative outcomes of the Hawthorne studies
were the introduction of a set number of work hours, the
implementation of break times for workers, improvements
in lighting in work areas, and close supervision by managers.
Managers were encouraged to be supportive of their workers
and to actively involve them in management decisions. Mayo
observed that the introduction of these changes resulted in
increased satisfaction among workers which also resulted in
their increased overall productivity.

Question 3

Abraham Maslow

Answer 3

Another noted contributor to the field of human relations is Abraham Maslow. Maslow
argued that individual behavior is primarily influenced by certain needs.

Question 4

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 4

• Self- actualization
• Self-esteem
• Love/Belonging
• Safety
• Physiological

Question 5

Systems Theory

Answer 5

The systems theory explains how interrelated parts operate together to achieve a common purpose.
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and the increasing requiremen,
increased efficieney and greater precision in production and operations, the systems approa
became the preferred model of business organization and management.

Question 6

Systems theory four elements

Answer 6

1. Inputs (materials/ human resources)
2. Transformation processes (technology / managerial operations)
3. Outputs (products/ services)
4. Feedback (reactions from the environment)

Question 7

open system

Answer 7

Refers to an organization that interacts closely
with its environment and is fully aware of what is going on in the environment as Well as
the changes it experiences.

Question 8

closed system

Answer 8

on the other hand, does not interact with its
environment and pays little attention to changes in its surroundings.