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ENV SCI MIDTERMS > human population > Flashcards

human population Flashcards

1
Q

studies the how individuals in an area are affected by various factors

A

Human Population Ecology

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1
Q

study of human population and its changes overtime through statistical
methods

A

Human Demography

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2
Q

Year 6000 B.C.

A

5 million; 2.5 million years

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3
Q

Year 1650 A.D.

A

500 million; 8,000 years

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4
Q

Year 1850

A

1 billion

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4
Q

Year 1930

A

2 billion

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5
Q

Year 1970

A

4 billion

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6
Q

current

A

8 billion

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7
Q

growth rate of human population

A

1.21%

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8
Q

developing countries = increasing _____ than developed ones

A

9 times

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9
Q

T OR F: human population is evenly distributed

A

f: not evenly distributed

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10
Q

Characteristics of a Population
▪ In highly developed states:

A

o low birth rate
o low fertility rate
o low infant mortality
o higher life expectancy
o higher economic power/stability

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11
Q

Characteristics of a Population
▪ In developing states:

A

o high birth rate
o high fertility rate
o high infant mortality
o shorter life expectancy
o lower economic power/stability

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12
Q

Factors Influencing Human Population

A

migration, fertility rate, mortality rate

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13
Q

a measure of how many children is being born to a woman over her reproductive years

A

Fertility Rate

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14
Q

a measure of the movement of people in or out of an area

A

Migration Rate

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15
Q

average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live

A

Life Expectancy

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15
Q

measure of deaths in a population

A

Mortality Rate

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16
Q

number of live births that die in the first year

A

Infant Mortality Rate

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17
Q

defined as the overview of a population’s demography

A

Population Composition

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18
Q

in accounting the population composition, the following elements must be considered:

A

sex ratio, population pyramid

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19
Q

whats is population pyramid?

A

distribution of a population in terms of sex and age

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20
Q

what is sex ratio

A

ratio of men per 100 women

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21
Q

proportion of different age groups with their sexes in a populationv

A

Age Structure

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22
Q

Slow Decline

A

manageable

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23
Q

severe economic and social problem

A

rapid decline

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24
Q

limit population growth but are not influenced by changes in population density, usually abiotic

A

Density-independent factors

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24
Q

difference of developing and developed countries in degrading the environment

A

developing = people overpopulation
developed= consumption overpopulation

25
Q

talks about the “carrying capacity” or the ability of the people to thrive in an area with respect to the resources available to sustain them

A

Malthusian Theory

26
Q

who made Malthusian Theory

A

thomas malthus

27
Q

there are 3 factors that keep population “in check” within the bounds of carrying capacity (positive checks = increases mortality):

A

War
Famine
Disease

28
Q

preventive checks

A

birth control
celibacy

29
Q

environment play the vital role in determining the world’s population

A

Zero Population Growth

30
Q

who made Zero Population Growth

A

Paul R Ehrlich

31
Q

the driving force to overcome environmental challenges that may affect human population

A

human ingenuity; Cornucopian Theory

32
Q

what are the Demographic Transition Theory stages:

A

Stage 1: A population may start with an increased rate of birth and mortality, and lower life expectancy.
● Stage 2: Industrialization happens, increasing the birth rate with low mortality, therefore increasing life expectancy.
● Stage 3: Birth and mortality continue to decline, life expectancy increasing.
● Stage 4: Societal stability.

32
Q

T OR F: food shortage can be resolved by science

A

T

33
Q

flow or movement of huge populations into smaller areas leads to urbanization

A

Urbanization

34
Q

who created Concentric Zone Model

A

created by Ernst Burgess in 1925

34
Q

How a city is formed?

A

must have a good environment = good climate and resources
* technological advancements = food and health needs
* organized = economic and social stability

35
Q

wealthy homes, white-collar workers, and shopping centers

A

zone d

36
Q

homes of the working class and established ethnic enclaves

A

zone c

37
Q

the center of the business and cultural district

A

zone a

37
Q

estates of the upper class

A

zone e

38
Q

formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments for new immigrant populations; houses small manufacturers

A

zone b

39
Q

changes in the global temperature

involves increase and decrease in temperature although more emphasis on the increase of global temperature

A

Climate Change

40
Q

as of 2021, the years _____
recorded the warmest global temperature

A

2016 and 2020

41
Q

damaging contaminants leaking into various types of environments

A

pollution

42
Q

Earth is about 70% water but only a portion of its is usable by humans through
water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

A

water pollution

43
Q

how many children are affected by malnutrition and various health issues due to unsafe waters

A

more than 160 million children

44
Q

how many people have no access to clean water for handwashing and sanitation purposes

A

3 billion people

45
Q

Damaging contaminants in a polluted soil:

A

o heavy metals like lead, mercury,
arsenic, etc.
o PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons (like naphthalene)
o Pesticides

46
Q

major cause of Air Pollution

A

o Use of fossil fuels
o Emission of Greenhouse Gases

46
Q

production of unwanted gases in the air that may have detrimental effect to life forms

A

Air Pollution

47
Q

Example of Air Contaminants

A

o Soots (fine black particles made up of carbon)
o Sulfides (sulfur gases)
o Hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons)

47
Q

Prominent example of toxic waste

A

Deepwater Horizon 2010 Oil Spill

48
Q

refers to how minorities are greatly affected by the effects of these hazards

A

Environmental Racism

49
Q

Bullard et al. (2007) conducted a study on this concept with findings including:

A

o in US, it was found that black children are more likely to be exposed to heavy metal poisoning (lead) than white children
o black people live near facilities that emits toxic wastes

50
Q

Is shaped like a pyramid with sides that curve inward

A

expanding rapidly

51
Q

common in low and lower-middle-income countries.

A

expanding rapidly

52
Q

Has a higher proportion of young people compared to
older people,

A

slow growth/ expanding slowly

53
Q

shaped like a pyramid

A

slow growth/ expanding slowly

54
Q

Has relatively similar proportions of young, middle age, and older people.

A

zero growth/ stable

55
Q

Often seen in high income countries, in which families tend to have fewer children and individuals have longer lifespans.

A

zero growth/ stable

56
Q

Is shaped like a dome or a hill.

A

zero growth/ stable

57
Q

shaped like a dome that constricts at the bottom

A

declining growth

57
Q

Has relatively few younger individuals.
● Is seen in populations with low birth and death rates

A

declining growth

58
Q

Populations with large fractions of young and reproductive age individuals are likely ______ Populations with large fractions of post-reproductive age individuals are likely_______

A

to grow; to shrink.

ENV SCI MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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