Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB Biology (SL & HL) > Human Phys > Flashcards

Human Phys Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is another name for white blood cell?

A

Leukocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is non-specific immunity ?

A

Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic WBC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are lymphocytes ?

A

Any WBC that is responsible for the immune response. They detect infections, give the alarm, produce antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is specific immunity ?

A

Antibody production by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define antibody.

A

Substances that are produced in response to a specific antigen in a pathogen and that bind to an antigen on that pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define plasma cells.

A

Mature B lymphocytes that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies during an immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define memory cell.

A

B lymphocytes that remain in the body to identify pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the principle of ‘Challenge and Response’ ?

A

Principle to produce antibodies in vast quantities quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define zoonosis.

A

When a pathogen crosses a species barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define opsonisation.

A

Antibodies make the pathogen more recognisable so that the pathogen is more readily engulfed by phagocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is neutralisation of viruses & bacteria ?

A

When antibiotics prevent viruses/bacteria from docking at cells so they can’t enter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is neutralisation of toxins ?

A

When antibodies bind to toxins produced by pathogens which prevents them from affecting susceptible cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define activation of complement.

A

Antibodies activate the complement system. This is a group of proteins that forms pores in the membranes of pathogens, allowing water and ions to enter by osmosis, leading to lysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define agglutination.

A

Antibodies can cause pathogens to stick together so they can’t enter cells and are easier for phagocytes to ingest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define hybridoma and what they’re used for.

A

A cell resulting from the fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell. Hybridoma cells produce monoclonal antibodies.
Used for cancer cells and rabies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define pathogen.

A

An organism or virus that causes a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define antibiotics.

A

A chemical substance that inhibits the growth of prokaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define antigens.

A

Substances or molecules that stimulate an immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define allergens.

A

Environmental substances that trigger an immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define histamine.

A

A chemical that is released by mast cells as an immune response.

22
Q

What is IgE ?

A

Immunoglobulins are a type of antibody

23
Q

What do HIV & AIDS stand for ?

A

HIV : human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

24
Q

What are opportunistic infections ?

A

Infections that are normally easily fought off by the immune system of a healthy person.

25
Q

Define spermatogenesis.

A

The production of male gametes, sperm, in the seminiferous tubules in the testes.

26
Q

Define oogenesis.

A

The production of female gametes, ova, in the ovary tissues.

27
Q

Define gas exchange.

A

Passive movement of CO2 and O2 from the blood & alveoli due to concentration gradients between the tissues and blood

28
Q

Define ventilation

A

A process that maintains concentration gradients of O2 and CO2 in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries.

29
Q

What are antagonistic muscles ?

A

Muscles that work together but have opposite effects.

30
Q

What are type I pneumoncytes ?

A

Flat, thin, permeable cells that make up 95% of alveolar cells.

31
Q

What are type II pneumocytes ?

A

Rounded cells that make up 5% of alveolar cells and secrete surfactant to prevent alveoli from adhering to each other & lungs from collapsing.

32
Q

Define ventilation rate.

A

The number of times that air is drawn in or expelled per minute

33
Q

Define tidal volume

A

Volume of air drawn in or expelled during one normal breath

34
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air breather in and out from deepest inhalation to deepest exhalation

35
Q

What happens to tidal volume and ventilation rate during exercise ?

A

Increase

36
Q

What are Schwann cells ?

A

Cells that produce myelin sheath around nerve fibres to allow for saltatory conduction.

37
Q

Name the 3 types of neurons

A

Relay neuron
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron

38
Q

What is a resting potential ?

A

The potential difference across a neuron’s membrane when it is not transmitting an impulse

39
Q

In the sodium potassium pump, how many sodium and potassium ions are used ?

A

3 sodium ions go out, 2 potassium ions come in

40
Q

Define depolarisation

A

A change from a negative potential to a positive potential (-70mV to +30mV). Occurs when Na+ diffuse into the axon through Na+ voltage gated channels

41
Q

Define repolarisation

A

A change from a positive potential to a negative potential (+30mV to -70mV). Occurs when K+ diffuse out of the axon through K+ voltage gated channels

42
Q

What are cholinergic synapses ?

A

Chemical synapses that use acetylcholine molecules as neurotransmitters

43
Q

Define hormones

A

Chemical substances that send information to specific cells or organs to trigger a response. They are produced in glands

44
Q

What is positive & negative feedback ?

A

+ : enforces the action that is happening
- : suppresses the action that is happening (brings it back to normal)

45
Q

What is thyroxin ?

A

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolic rate & body temperature. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroxin deficiency

46
Q

What is leptin ?

A

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue to regulate appetite

47
Q

What is melatonin ?

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms

48
Q

What are circadian rhythms ?

A

Rhythms of behaviour that fit in a 24 hour cycle

49
Q

Define polyspermy

A

The fertilisation of an oocyte by more than 1 sperm

50
Q

Define infertility and state some of its causes.

A

The inability of a person to reproduce by natural means.
Caused by decrease in amount of sperm per unit volume of semen (fell by 50% in the last 50 years), could be due to to release of progesterone and oestrogen into the environment from contraceptive pill.

IB Biology (SL & HL) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions