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IB Biology (SL & HL) > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Define evolution

A

the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

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2
Q

Law of fossil succession

A

the chronological sequence of complexity by which characteristics appear to develop

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3
Q

Define Transitional fossils

A

Demonstrate that the intermediary forms, that occurred over the evolutionary pathway taken by a single genus.

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4
Q

Define Australopithecus

A

An early hominin ancestor that first appeared in the fossil records around 4 million years ago.

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5
Q

Define selective breeding

A

A form of artificial selection, whereby man intervened in breeding of species to produce favourable traits in offspring.

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6
Q

Define comparative anatomy

A

Shows certain structural features that are similar, implying common ancestry.

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7
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Anatomical features that are similar in basic structure despite being used in different ways

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8
Q

Define speciation

A

The evolutionary process by which 2 related populations diverge into separated species.

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9
Q

Define vestigial structures

A

The presence of functionless and reduced remnants of organs that were once present in their ancestors.

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10
Q

Define biogeography

A

Describes the distribution of life forms over geographical areas both in the past and the present.

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11
Q

Define adaptation

A

Are characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life

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12
Q

Define taxon

A

Categories that scientists have generated named for. Ways to classify organism

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13
Q

Define cladistics

A

A system of classification that groups organisms together according to the characteristics that have evolved from.

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14
Q

Define primitive trait

A

Characteristics that have the same structure and function and evolved early on in the history of the organisms being studied

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15
Q

Define derived trait

A

Characteristics that have the same structure and function but ahve evolved more recently.

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16
Q

Define clade

A

A group composed of the most recent common ancestors of the group and all of its descendants).

17
Q

Define phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary pathways of a species

18
Q

Annelida

A

Invertebrate
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth & anus
- no skeleton

19
Q

Mollusca

A

Invertebrate
- Bilateral symmetry
- Mouth & anus
- exoskeleton

20
Q

Arthropoda

A

Invertebrate
- Bilateral
- Mouth & anus
- Internal skeleton

21
Q

Fish

A

Vertebrate
- Scales (bony plates)
- External reproduction
- Gills
- Ectothermic

22
Q

Amphibian

A

Vertebrate
- moist skin
- external reproduction
- simple lungs
- ectothermic

23
Q

Reptile

A

Vertebrate
- Scales (keratin)
- Internal reproduction (soft eggs)
- Lungs with extensive folding
- Ectothermic

24
Q

Bird

A

Vertebrate
- Feathers
- Internal reproduction (hard eggs)
- Lungs with bronchial tubes
- Endothermic

25
Q

Mammal

A

Vertebrate
- Hair
- internal reproduction (live births)
- lungs with alveoli
- endothermic

26
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Non vascular plants
- short and grow closer to the ground

27
Q

Bryophyta

A

Non vascular plants
- no true leaves, roots or stems
- Reproduce using spores
- No pollen, ovules, seeds or fruits.

28
Q

Filicinophyta

A

Vascular Plants:
- Roots, leaves and non-woody stems usually present
- Leaves often divided into pairs of smaller leaflets.
Reproduce asexually using spores produced on the underside of leaves.
-No pollen, ovules, seeds or fruits.

29
Q

Coniferophyta

A

Vascular Plants:
- Roots, leaves and woody stems present
- Leaves often narrow and needle-like with thick waxy cuticle.
- Reproduce sexually (wind pollinated) using pollen, ovules and seeds produced in cones.

30
Q

Angiospermophyta

A

Vascular Plants:
- Roots, leaves and stems (usually woody)
- Reproduce sexually using pollen, ovules and seeds produced in flowers.
- Fruits may also develop to disperse the seeds.

31
Q

Porifera

A

Invertebrate
- No symmetry
- No mouth or anus
- No skeleton but some have a calcareous exoskeleton or internal spicules (needles)
- Both surfaces covered in many pores for filter feeding
- Sac-like unsegmented body with highly varied shape.

32
Q

Cnidaria

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Mouth only
  • Soft-bodied (no skeleton) but hard corals secrete calcium carbonate
  • Tentacles arranged in ring around mouth with stinging cells
  • Polyp or medusa shape in jellyfish
33
Q

Platyhelmintha

A
  • Bilateral
  • Mouth only
  • Soft-bodied (no skeleton)
  • Flat, thin bodies shaped like ribbon
  • No lungs
  • No blood or gas exchange system
34
Q

Chordata

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Mouth and anus
  • Internal skeleton have vertebrate
  • Segmented bodies legs or other appendages with joints
  • Notochord, develops into dorsal nerve cord

IB Biology (SL & HL) (9 decks)

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