Human Performance Flashcards
Newton’s first law
Law of inertia
Objects will not change state of motion unless acted on by an external force
Newton’s second law
Law of acceleration
The acceleration a body experienced is directly proportional to the force causing I️t and takes place in the same direction of the force
Newton’s third law
Law of action and reaction
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Examples of each law
1- bowling ball hitting pins
2- spiking a volleyball
3- bumper cars colliding
Biomechanical principles
Stability Max effort Max velocity Linear motion x2 Angular motion Angular momentum
Stability
The lower the centre of gravity, the larger the base of support, The closer the centre of mass to the midline of the base of the support, the greater the mass, the more stability increases
Ex. 3 point stance in football
Maximum effort
The production of max force requires the use of all possible joint measurements that contribute to the tasks objective
Ex golf swing
Max velocity
The production of max velocity requires the use of joints largest or smallest ex golf swing
Linear motion
The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity ex basketball dunk
Linear motion #5
Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied force ex high jump
Angular motion
Produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque
Principle of production
Ex baseball swing
Angular momentum
Constant when an athlete or object is free in the air
Conservations of momentum
Ex zip line
Biomechanics definition
A science that examines the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Kinematic definition
The study that describes spatial and timing characteristics of motion
Kinetics definition
The study that focusses on the various forces that cause a movement
Third class lever
Action on bottom, force and resistance on bottom
Ex sweeping with broom and soccer
Second class lever
Action on bottom, resistance then force on top
Ex high jump
First class lever
Resistance on top, action and force (down) on bottom
Ex pair of scissors or head butt
Killian and kori Jill and Megan Alyssa and kait Ash and Brett Brock Syd and Payton
Baseball swing Goal kick for rugby Swimming start Foul shot T push in hockey Hurdles
Lauren and me Em and kyra Lexi and madi Bri and Abbie Kacie and meg
Badminton serve Sprinters start Backflip Pirautte Kartwheel
Qualitative observations
Compare athlete to a model and see how they differ
Ex eyeball, videotape and films
Quantitative observations
Quantity of movement with numbers
Measurements on all parts of the body
Ex eyes and stopwatch, force platform, film analysis
Preliminary skill analysis
Exhibited prior to force generated actions
Ex stance for foul shot
Force production skill analysis
All body movements generating force to complete task or skill
Ex approach for long jump
Critical instant skill analysis
Point of impact or release
Ex impact of birdie during smash
Post critical skill analysis
Conclude skill, body recovers from force producing actions
Ex follow through of a kick
Chronological age
Measured in years or time
Skeletal age
Indicated by the physical maturity of the skeleton, nutrition, disease, and major injuries can slow I️t down
Developmental age
Ones ability to perform certain tasks (developmental milestones)
Gender differences in Growth
Stature Weight Heart rate Stroke volume Body composition Flexibility Muscular strength
Stature growth diff
At birth genders are the same but 10-11 for G and 12-13 for B, hormonal changes cause the body to grow taller more rapidly
Weight growth diff.
Don’t differ at birth
By fifth month weight has double and by second year weight decreases
Adolescence causes sharp increase in body weight do to increase in heigh and changes in body
Heart rate growth diff.
Boys are approximately 10% lower than girls
Stroke volume growth diff
Females generally have lower stroke volume than males both rest and during exercise
Body comp growth diff
After puberty girls have a greater percentage of body fat
Flexibility growth diff
Females have greater flex. But I️t declines with age for both
Muscular strength growth diff.
Female strength peaks in late teens but for males it peaks during the 20s
After puberty females have less strength due to loss of male hormone testosterone
Factors affecting growth
Glandular/hormonal Hereditary Nutrition and diet Physical activity Social economic status/class factors
Glandular/hormonal growth factor
Hormones affect metabolism
Glands suffer from from diseases
Hereditary growth factor
Parents genes influence size and somatotype
Nutrition and diet of growth factor
Inadequate/unbalanced diet leads to physical development issues
Physical activity growth factor
Lack of activity
Harmful/excessive exercise
Socio-economic status/class factors growth factors
Depends on opportunity /values, diet, sleep
Models of human motion
Practicle
Stick figure
Rigid body segment
Practicle model
Simple dot representing the centre of mass of the body or object
Used when the body or object is airborne
Ex baseball or diving
Stick figure model
Represents athletes who are in contact with the ground or other earth bound objects
Ex diving board or starting block
Rigid sticks linked together at the joints
Rigid body segment
3D allows analyses of vigorous motion
Sophisticated computer motion analyses systems are used
Types of motion
Linear
Angular
General
Linear motion
Occurs when all parts of the body move the same distance in the same direction and at the same time (translation)
Ex a skaters glide
Straight (rectilinear), curved (curvilinear)
Angular motion
Moving on a circular path and in the same direction
The line which bodies rotate is the axis of rotation
Ex gymnast doing giant swings on bar
Flex extend
General motion
Combination of the two
Gymnast floor routine
Components of human growth and development
Growth
Maturation
Motor development
Growth component
Measurable changes in size, quantity, or functioning of the body or a part of I️t
Maturation component
Extent of a particular underlying characteristic like body changes during puberty (biological state)
Motor development component
How movement behaviour changes over times because of influences from ones biological system and environment
Areas of human development
Physical
cognitive
Social
Motor skills
Physical development
Maturity of muscles, bones, and energy systems
Cognitive development
Interpret and process information and knowledge
Social development
Create and sustain relationships with people
Motor skills development
Movement (running) handling (throwing)
Balancing g
Principle of individual differences
Individuals vary widely in terms of how quickly and easily they learn new skills
Stages of motor learning FITTS AND POSNERS
cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive stage
Basic understanding of task, learner commits relatively large errors; may need specific instruction on how to improve
Associative stage
Learner begins to refine skill, develop awareness of mistakes
Autonomous stage
Skill becomes automatic
Aware of mistakes and how to correct them
Five step method for teaching a skill
Readying Imaging Focusing Executing Evaluating
Readying skill teach
Preparatory
Attain ideal mental and emotional state
Imaging skill teach
Develop picture in mind of correct skill execution
Focusing skill teach
Zero in on skill
Zoning out opponents
Executing skill teach
Learner attempts skill after completing first three stages
Evaluating skill teach
Asses which aspects of skill were successful and which needed improvement
Types of feedback
KR- knowledge of results of an action
Ex foul shot, did the ball go into the net
KP- knowledge of performance
Ex foul shot, was there proper form?
Open skills
Performed in an unpredictable environment, requires participants to adapt their movements to changing nature of environment, environmental conditions are in motion (soccer)
Closed skill
Predictable environment
Permits participants to plan movements in advance, environmental conditions are stationary (volleyball)
