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BIO 202 > Human Pathology final prep > Flashcards

Human Pathology final prep Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Organs systems maintain changes in PH, temperature, blood composition and fluid levels.

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2
Q

Mortality

A

Measure number of deaths attributed to a disease, in a given population over time.

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3
Q

Morbidity

A

is the measure of the disability and extent of illness caused by disease.

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4
Q

Prevalence

A

describes the number of cases of a disease at a given time in a specific population

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5
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease at a given time in a specified population.

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

is the study of occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease.

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7
Q

Etiology

A

The source or cause of a disease.

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8
Q

Lesion

A

Any type of damage to cell, organ, tissue

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9
Q

Palliative

A

Relief of pain, symptoms or stress or serious illness.

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10
Q

Symptomatic

A

Of relating or based on symptoms

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11
Q

Active immunity

A

making lymphocytes against the threat

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12
Q

Passive immunity

A

given antibodies, passive protection against threats

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13
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosis

A

Most common auto immune disease

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14
Q

Discoid Lupus

A

targets skin, red rash (internal organs are generally safe)

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15
Q

Neonatal lupus

A

Rash from breast milk

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16
Q

Drug-Induced

A

Medication that alters an antibody

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17
Q

Scleroderma

A

Attacking skin, skin thickens.

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18
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Flu-like symptoms, targets sensory nerves.

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19
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

tends to act bilaterally

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20
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

attacks myelin sheath

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21
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A

Also known as yuppie flu; immune deficiency low

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22
Q

SCID

A

develops in the womb, severe lack of lymphocytes

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23
Q

Digeorge syndrome

A

Hereditary, missing thymus

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24
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Over response of immune system

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25
Q

Type I (Anaphylactic)

A

Antibodies over stimulate mast cells/over release of histamine.

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26
Q

Type II (cytotoxic)

A

Normal reaction, too many foreign cells in your body.

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27
Q

Type III Immune-complex)

A

Antibodies are attacking wrong place

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28
Q

Type IV (delayed)

A

Only reports to sleep & thymus/huge reaction, attacks and releases large amounts of histamine

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29
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of oxygen, (reversible)

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30
Q

Infarction

A

tissue death

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31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

release chemicals to attract white blood cells

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32
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increase blood flow

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33
Q

Diapedesis

A

Movement WBC out of tissue

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34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

breakdown (pus) liquid breakdown of tissue

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35
Q

Contagion

A

The spread of disease from person to person.

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36
Q

Endotoxin

A

Stored within bacteria(salmonella)

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37
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted immediately (botulism)

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38
Q

Biostatic

A

Suppress (hold in place)

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39
Q

Biocidal

A

(kill)

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40
Q

Prion

A

Infectious protein

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41
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA virus that can make a DNA copy of itself. (HIV Virus)

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42
Q

Spores

A

Protective shell to protect from a harsh environment

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43
Q

Core

A

Nucleic acid, protein coat, capsid

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44
Q

Naked virus

A

Core & protein coat

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45
Q

Enveloped virus

A

Core, protein coat, plasma protein

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46
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Reproduce and kill host cell.

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47
Q

Biostatics

A

Slows down any weakened cell in your body.

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48
Q

Antiviral cocktails

A

Mixture of different antibiotics

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49
Q

Protozoa

A

Classified by how they move

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50
Q

Flagellates

A

Long tails that act like motor boats

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51
Q

sporzoans

A

float

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52
Q

Mycelium

A

How fungi grow

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53
Q

Mycosis

A

General term for infection

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54
Q

Reservoir

A

a host that incubates a pathogen

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55
Q

Vector

A

A host that transports the pathogen without incubation

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56
Q

Horizontal

A

Organism to organism

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57
Q

Vertical

A

Parent to offspring

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58
Q

Incidence

A

New cases

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59
Q

Prevalence

A

Total

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60
Q

Outbreak

A

increase in incidence

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61
Q

Endemic

A

Present at low numbers

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62
Q

Epidemic

A

Outbreak in 1 location

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63
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak in several different locations

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64
Q

Isolation

A

Separating an infected person from everyone else

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65
Q

Quarantine

A

Separating a suspected person from everyone else.

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66
Q

Disinfection

A

Reducing the number of microorganisms from a surface.

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67
Q

Sterilization

A

Complete removal of microorganisms.

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68
Q

Pasteurization

A

Disinfecting food without taking away the taste.

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69
Q

CDC

A

Center Disease Control

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70
Q

MMWR

A

Morbidity and Mortality weekly report

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71
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Vaccinate enough members to protect everybody

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72
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Cells gain in size

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73
Q

Atrophy

A

Cells reduce in size

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74
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Multiply’s in cell numbers

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75
Q

Neoplasia

A

is an abnormal mass of tissue, result of abnormal growth or cell division

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76
Q

Dysplasia

A

A change in cell appearance.

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77
Q

Benign

A

tumor stay within location

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78
Q

Malignant

A

Cancer, growth of cells/ invade tissue

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79
Q

Metastatic

A

New tumors in new tissues/cells in organs invaded (worst form of cancer)

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80
Q

3 stages of transformation in cancer?

A

Initiation, promotion, progression.

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81
Q

Clinical Cancer staging

A

The TNM system
Tumor size & invasiveness
Nodal involvement (Are the lymph nodes involved)
Metastasis (Has it spread)

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82
Q

Immune surveillance

A

performed from lymph nodes

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83
Q

Cancer surveillance

A

Lymphocytes

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84
Q

Hyperchromatism

A

Excess chromosomes

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85
Q

Atypia

A

Nucleus looks different

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86
Q

Penetrance

A

Is the cell spreading.

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87
Q

Adenoma

A

increase secretion,tumor of gland tissue. benign tumor

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88
Q

Lipoma

A

Adipose tissue (most sensitive to estrogen) benign tumor

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89
Q

Myoma

A

muscle tissue. benign tumor

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90
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Smooth tissue. benign tumor

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91
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Skeletal muscle

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92
Q

Cardiomyoma

A

Cardiac muscle

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93
Q

Fibroid

A

Uterine leiomyoma

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94
Q

Angioma

A

Tumor of vessels (vascular or lymphatic)

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95
Q

Papilloma

A

Epithelial tissue

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96
Q

Meningioma

A

Tumor of the meninges

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97
Q

Neuroma

A

Neurons

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98
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer of the epithelial tissue

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99
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer in the connective tissue

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100
Q

Leukemia

A

Mixed cancer, cancer of the blood cells

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101
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancer of the lymphatic tissue

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102
Q

Melanoma

A

Tumor of melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin)

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103
Q

Blastoma

A

Tumor of the stem cells

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104
Q

Neuroma

A

Nervous

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105
Q

Oncology

A

Study of medicine that deals with cancer

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106
Q

occult

A

blood in stool

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107
Q

Raised mass of neoplastic tissue

A

Poly P

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108
Q

Carcinogens

A

Chemical that causes cancer

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109
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disease

A

Dominant alles encode that disease/condition health gene.

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110
Q

Sex-linked dominant

A

Always looking for a sex gene.

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111
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Dwarf, Growth plate in femur didn’t develop.

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112
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Defect in connective tissue (tall/ doesn’t live passed 50) Aortic aneurism

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113
Q

Polydactyly

A

multiply digits

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114
Q

Familial hypercholestrolemia

A

elevated cholesterol, due to dominant disease

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115
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder (Does not express till 40)

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116
Q

Sex linked dominant

A

more females than males

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117
Q

Sex-linked recessive

A

More males than females

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118
Q

Hemophila

A

“the royal disease” more men affected (sex-linked recessive)

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119
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Never make it to the child bearing age.

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120
Q

HD Rickets

A

Bone deformity, tremendous arthritis

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121
Q

Rett disease

A

Neurological reversal

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122
Q

Female embryo

A

X-inactivation

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123
Q

Barr Body

A

Collapsed chromosome

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124
Q

Non-disjunctional

A

the mechanism that causes aneuploidy

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125
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome, chromosome 21 is small enough to function, causes imbalance, mental and physical limitation

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126
Q

sex chromosome abnormalities

A

Turners syndrome(Genetically female)/phenotype:broad chest, under-developedgenetelia

127
Q

Klinefelter Disease

A

Genotype-47XYY(genetically male)

128
Q

Example of shuffling

A

Pseudohermaphroditism, individual that is genetically male/forms testes,lacks testosterone/underdeveloped gonads.

129
Q

Progeria

A

Rapid age onset

130
Q

Penetrance

A

How often does the gene express?

131
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Fetal testing/ 14 weeks/results take 2 weeks

132
Q

CVS

A

Biopsy, part of the placenta/early as 8 weeks

133
Q

Congenital disease

A

problem occurs during gestation(appear shortly after birth) Ex:Rubella<German Measles (Hearing impairment, heart abnormalities, mental retardation, miscarriage.

134
Q

Syphilis

A

Bacterial infection (miscarriages & stillborn)

135
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

First trimester;exposure to alcohol can cause neural tube defects

136
Q

APGAR

A

Test performed @ 1 min & 5 mins after delivery

137
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Molecule that carries lipid in the blood

138
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque formation/Lipid accumulation in the blood/reversible with diet & exercise)

139
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Not reversible/calcium deposits.

140
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of oxygen

141
Q

Embolism

A

particle that plugs a vessel

142
Q

Hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure

143
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized dilation of the blood vessel

144
Q

Fuisform

A

Uniformly dilated, dilates in every direction.

145
Q

Saccular

A

dilation in one direction

146
Q

Pulsating

A

Remission & relapse

147
Q

AAA (widow maker)

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm (fatal)

148
Q

Raynaud phenomenon

A

hyperactive vessels to temperature

149
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Cancer tumor in vessels

150
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation of blood vessels

151
Q

Varicosity

A

Dilated veins

152
Q

Phlebitis

A

tortuous blood flow in a varicosity

153
Q

Thromboplebitis

A

Throwing blood clots

154
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

155
Q

Esophagus varices

A

common location for varicosity

156
Q

Arrhythmia

A

lacking a good rhythm

157
Q

Dysrhyhmia

A

bad rhythm

158
Q

Fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contractions

159
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast

160
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow

161
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

A

secondary pacemaker that has stops bad rhythm

162
Q

Congestive heart disease

A

cardiac tissue filled with fluid, not good blood flow

163
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

swelling in hands and feet

164
Q

Uncompensated

A

cardiac failure

165
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

occlusion and/or hardening

166
Q

Angina pectoris

A

pain in chest

167
Q

Aspirin

A

reduces blood clot and pain

168
Q

Right sided heart attack

A

thin side/ die>fatal

169
Q

Left sided

A

Survival/thicker aortic/ventricle wall

170
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

most common infection due to streptococcus

171
Q

Congenital heart disease

A

Something is wrong during development

172
Q

Shock

A

insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues

173
Q

Stage 1 of shock

A

Compensated;lost less than 10% of cardiac output.

174
Q

Stage 2 of shock

A

Progressive shock; loss 10-25% cardiac output. NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION

175
Q

stage 3 of shock

A

Irreversible; lost 25% of CO2

176
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

due to trauma, loss of blood, dehydration,vomiting, diarrhea

177
Q

Cardigenic shock

A

malfunction with heart

178
Q

Obstructive shock

A

obstructed vessel

179
Q

Echocardiography

A

ultrasound for the heart

180
Q

Coronary bypass graft

A

coronary artery replacement

181
Q

Polycythemia

A

elevated hematocrit

182
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

producing too many RBC/ can plug capillaries if too high

183
Q

Blood doping

A

artificial hematocrit

184
Q

Erthropoitein

A

multiplies amount of RBC

185
Q

Anemia

A

decreased oxygen carrier

186
Q

Petechiae

A

small red bruises

187
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Large purple bruises

188
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

elevated platelet count

189
Q

Hemophilia

A

Decreasing clotting ability

190
Q

Vitamin k

A

clotting factor

191
Q

Purpura simplex

A

process of easily bruising

192
Q

Fistula

A

outward malformation of the blood vessel

193
Q

Leukopenia

A

too few(leukocytes)

194
Q

Leukocytosis

A

too many (leukocytes)

195
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

decreased granulocyte count

196
Q

Leukemia

A

over production of white blood cells

197
Q

Myelogenous

A

too many granulocytes

198
Q

lymphocytic

A

increase in lymphocytes

199
Q

Lymphoma

A

tumor cancer/malignant in lymphatic tissue

200
Q

Hodgkin

A

Mild cancer (good prognosis)

201
Q

Non hodgkin

A

agressive/malignant, poor prognosis

202
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

203
Q

Differential blood analysis

A

Each type of WBC

204
Q

Otorhinlaryngology

A

studies upper respiratory diseases

205
Q

Pulmonology

A

Studies lower respiratory diseases

206
Q

Dyspnea

A

painful breathing

207
Q

Barking cough

A

dry, irritated

208
Q

productive cough

A

mucus producing

209
Q

Hemoptysis

A

bloody cough

210
Q

Erythemia

A

alot of oxygen in blood

211
Q

cyanosis

A

Not enough oxygen in blood

212
Q

Rhonchi

A

obstruction,dry mucus in bronchial tree

213
Q

Rales

A

cracking sound, loose mucus

214
Q

wheezy

A

narrowing in air sacs

215
Q

Strider

A

winding sound from fluid with in aveoli

216
Q

Rub

A

rubbing sound, (friction)

217
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchial tree

218
Q

Asthma

A

allergic reaction within respiratory tree

219
Q

Bronchoconstruction

A

produce extra mucus

220
Q

Emphysema

A

break down air sacs

221
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space that surrounds lungs

222
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

caused by black lung

223
Q

Anthracosis

A

back lung

224
Q

Asbestosis

A

breathing asbestus

225
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

may lead to corpulmonace

226
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleural membranes

227
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive condition /results in plugged exocrine gland.

228
Q

Atalectasis

A

collapsed lung

229
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in pleural space

230
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrom

A

tall skinny lungs that are inflexible

231
Q

Oscillometry

A

ultra sound to navigate respiratory tunnels

232
Q

Gastroenterology

A

studies lower GI tract diseases

233
Q

Melena

A

black tar in stool sample

234
Q

GERD

A

common cause chronic alcohol syndrome

235
Q

Bulima Nervosa

A

Self inflicted vomiting

236
Q

Crohns disease

A

typically in large intestine, enteritis (chronic inflammation)

237
Q

IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome)

A

irritated inflamed intestines

238
Q

Ulcers

A

trauma into the lining of a tube.

239
Q

Volvulus

A

torsion or twisting of intestines

240
Q

Hernia

A

organ protrudes out of its space.

241
Q

Prolapse

A

organ protrudes out of the body

242
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

person does not make lactase enzyme/person cant break down milk sugar

243
Q

Gluten intolerance

A

Gluten is a carbohydrate, how many enzymes you do or do not make

244
Q

Celiac disease

A

Gluten intolerance and developed an autoimmune disease

245
Q

Pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas, due to obstruction.

246
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Blood sugar problem/ due to insulin problem

247
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

pregnant form of type II, fetus is unaffected.

248
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A

Mother has an epileptic seizure (Diabetic seizure)

249
Q

Insulin shock

A

untreated diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin)

250
Q

Diabetic keto acidosis

A

diabetic coma/ acetone breath

251
Q

Bile salts

A

breakdown of hemoglobin

252
Q

Cirrhosis

A

scar tissue w/ in the liver

253
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of liver

254
Q

Hep A

A

spread through fecal matter or orally

255
Q

Hep B

A

causes chronic cirrhosis (sexually transmitted)

256
Q

Hep C

A

Hep B like symptoms/chronic (fluid-borne)

257
Q

Hep D

A

requires prior hep B infection/ long term sever sequela

258
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gall stone

259
Q

cholecystitus

A

inflammation of gall bladder

260
Q

chemical analysis

A

stool & blood

261
Q

indirect visualization

A

ultrasound

262
Q

direct visualization

A

endoscopy

263
Q

lithotripsy

A

using sound waves to shatter stones

264
Q

micturition

A

release of urine

265
Q

urination

A

production of urine

266
Q

polyuria

A

increase production

267
Q

oliguria

A

decreased production

268
Q

anuria

A

no production

269
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

270
Q

pyuria

A

puss in urine

271
Q

hemoturia

A

blood in urine

272
Q

uremia

A

urine in blood

273
Q

nocturia

A

increase production at night

274
Q

enuresis

A

bed wetting

275
Q

urgency

A

increased sensation to urinate

276
Q

Urinalysis

A

test urine

277
Q

Nephritis

A

inflammation of kidneys

278
Q

Pyelitis

A

inflammation of pelvis

279
Q

Gout

A

uric acid build up

280
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

water in the kidneys

281
Q

hypernephroma

A

tumor in the kidney

282
Q

Diabetes inspidous

A

lack of antidiuretic hormone

283
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of urinary bladder

284
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of urea

285
Q

urinarycarcinoma

A

tumor forms in urinary bladder

286
Q

polycystic ovary

A

many cysts form on the surface of the ovary

287
Q

sterility

A

cannot make babies

288
Q

infertility

A

does create gametes, but cannot successfully reproduce

289
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

ovarian cancer

290
Q

salpingitis

A

bacterial infection in the fallopian tube

291
Q

leimyoma

A

smooth muscle tumor

292
Q

cystocele

A

prolapse bladder

293
Q

rectocyele

A

prolapse rectum

294
Q

puerperal mastitis

A

post pregnancy/inflammation of breast;due to bacterial infection during breast feeding.

295
Q

Cystic hyperplasia

A

formation of benign cysts with in breast

296
Q

mamogram

A

x-ray picture of the tissue

297
Q

Amenorrhea

A

No menstrual period

298
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

299
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive bleeding during mensturation

300
Q

metrorrhagia

A

excessive bleeding between mensturation cycle

301
Q

Leukorrhea

A

white vaginal discharge

302
Q

Endometriosis

A

sits on wall of organ, abdominal pain

303
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

wrong emplacement of pregnancy in most commonly fallopian tube >abortion

304
Q

abruptio placentae

A

placenta separates too early

305
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

genetic abnormality

306
Q

Morning sickness

A

emesis due to hormone changes

307
Q

Toxemia pregnancy

A

hypertension in the 3rd trimester/ can lead to pre-eclampsia.

308
Q

prostitis

A

inflammation of prostate>STDS

309
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

benign growth

310
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of testes >STDS

311
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

312
Q

Priapism

A

sustained erection

313
Q

Gynecomastia

A

enlarged male breast

314
Q

impotence

A

inability to achieve an erection

BIO 202 (7 decks)

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