Human organism Flashcards by aoibheann nif

Digestion in Mouth

Physical digestion: teeth
Chemical: salivary amylase (starch-maltose)
Oesophagus + peristalsis

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Digestion in Stomach

Hydrochloric acid + protease (enzyme digests proteins)
Physical digestion churns
Stomach lining is alkali

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Pancreas + Digestion

Enzymes: amylase, protease, lipases

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What is Bile

Made in Liver
Stored in gallbladder
Emulsifies lipids
Neutralised chyme

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Small Inteztine

Duodenum
Villi (Diffusion into blood, one cell thick)
Illeum
Villus link to hepatic portal vein (portal system that ends and begins with capillaries)

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Large intestine

Colon
Water absorption
Symbiotic bacteria
Egestion

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What is digestion

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles to be absorbed into blood for energy

In alimentary canal (mouth-anus)

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Respiratory System before lungs

Nose+ mouth : moistens air
Epiglottis blocks
Larynx: voice box
Pharynx
Trachea:

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Respiratory System Lungs

Bronchi, bronchioli, alveoli
Gaseous exchange (oxy in, carbdi out)

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Breathing

ATP: Medulla Oblegata detects CO2 - causes intercostal muscles to contract = low pressure

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Excreation

To removal of metabolic waste, important for homeostasis
Kidney: control water content osmoregulation through urine (salt, water, urea)
Skin: sweating is temperature regulation (water,salts) through sweat ducts
Lungs: CO2 + salts

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Skeleton Functions

Support;

Movement: muscles attached by tendons, bones attached to bones by ligaments. Antagonist muscles have opposite functions

Protection: skull, rib age

Manufacture RBC/WBC/Platelets in bone
marrow- medullary cavity

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Types of Joints

Immovable: skull
Slightly:
Freely (hinge/ball and socket): knee:

Knee- synovial joint w/ cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid

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Types of Bone

Long part: diaphysis
Short: Epiphysis
Spongey bone: red bone marrow
Compact: collagen, inorganic calcium phosphate, strength
Periosteum: membrane , osteoplasts

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Formation of Blood

Plasma 55%: 90% water, antibodies, contains plasma proteins, transports nutrients and wastes

RBCs: Erythrocytes - no nucleus or mitochondria, biconcave shape, haemoglobin, made in bone marrow, transport oxygen

WBCs Leucocytes: large nucleus monocytes/lymphocytes, fight infection

Platelets: cell fragments, clot blood

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Blood Grouping

Antigens on surfaces of RBCs - A,B,AB,O
Rhesus Factor - positive/negative

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Immunity: the body’s ability to resist inflection
PThogens: diseases causing organisms

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General defence system
Tools
Functions

General: prevents pathogen entry & not specific

Immunity: resistance to infection

Antibody: produced in response to an antigen

Skin: sebum in oil
Mucous: p traps pathogens, lysozyme brakes down bacteria cell walls, cilia lines airways
Beneficial bacteria: lactic acid, large intestine
HCL

Monocytes: phagocytes (engulfs and secretes enzymes onto bacteria)
Macrophages: vasodilation in inflammation

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Antigens

Antigens: molecules found on cell surface that identify them as foreign, stimulate antibody production, protein and carb based

The heart
System circuit
Pulmonary circuit

Transport system, oxygen nutrients, removes waste, Closed system, capillaries-one cell thick
Heart: thorax, pericardium (protection) myocardium (cardiac muscle), septum,

Systemic Circuit (blood body heart): Oxy Blood enters through pulmonary vein into left atrium, through bicuspid valve into left ventricle which contracts and pumps through semi lunar valve to aorta.

Pulmonary circuit: Deoxy blood enters through vena cava into right atrium, tricuspid valve to right ventricle, exits through semilunar valves to pulmonary artery

3 types of blood vessel

Artery: 3 layers (connective tissue, smooth muscle, endothelium), small lumen, thick walls, high pressure

Coronary arteries branch off aorta, coronary veins return into right atrium

Veins: valves for lower pressure
Capillary connects

Cardiac Cycle

SA Node:
Diastole: blood flows through open valves, SA node in upper right atrium generates electrical impulse causing atria to contract the. Relax
AV node: (in septum) impulse to ventricle walls that contract (ventricular systole and blood is forced into arteries, bicuspid and tricuspid valves close. Semilunar valves close after ventricles relax

Active and Passive Immunity

Active: antibodies and memory cells are produced to a particular antigen
-Natural: flu / Artifical: vacc

Passive: antibodies made by another organism are introduced
Breast milk/ vacc

The Endocrine System

Hormone: chemical messenger, protein based, steroid (sex hormones)

Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones

Secreted directly into blood - no ducts/tubes (unlike exocrine system)

Only interact with cells having correct receptor

The pituitary gland

Controls activity of other glands
Two lobes in base of skull, secrete hormones

Oxytocin (uturus), ADH (kidneys), TSH (thyroid gland for thyroxine, FSH (stimulates sex cells), GH (bone growth)

Hypothalamus
Pineal
Throid Gland
Adrenal Gland

Produces ADH and secreted to Pitutal Gland

PineL: controls circadian rhythms, melatonin

Throid: neck, thyroxine metabolism (made when amino acid throwing combines with iodine) TSH stimulates thyroxine production (formed in pituitary gland)

parathyroids releases calcium from bones and produces parathormone,

Pancreas: produces insulin, islets of langerhans, lowers glucose

Adrenal Glands: produce adrenaline, top of kidneys, fight or flight

Pancreas

Dual-function gland

Pancreas: produces insulin directly into blood, islets of langerhans, lowers glucose (endocrine function

Pancreatic Duct: enzymes released into pancreatic duct (exocrine function)

Hormonal postive/Negative Feedback Mechanism

Positive: stimulus increase and the response (oxytocin secreted)

Negative: The level of one hormone stimulates/stops the production of another

Thyroxine Low= pituitary gland produce TSH, which stimulates production of thyroxine, and then inhibit TSH production

Myxeodema/goitre - graves disease

Thermoregulation

Detected by Hypothalamus (homeostasis) in brain
Stimulates pituitary gland to produce TSH
Throxine secretion increase in thyroid gland, metabolic rate increases and more heat is produced

Receptors

Receptors (detect stimulus external/internal)- specialised cells eg. Nose, skin

transmission of impulses to CNS (brain and spinal chord) (Peripheral is nerves)

Thalamus: to sorted/integrated,

response - gland/muscles (Effectors)

Sensory Neurons

Send electrical impulses towards CNS

Receptor Cells- impulse passed to dendrite to pawed cell body (contains nucleus), impulse travels down the axon to axon terminal (neurotransmitter)

Schwann Cell: makes myelin sheath: electrical insulator
Gaps: nodes of ranvier (sped up impulse)

Motor Neuron

Away from CNS to effector

Cell body on top of neurons, small dendrite, long axon

Interneuron

CNS only
Transfer to other neutron
No myelin sheath

All of Nothing Law and Threshold

Threshold: minimum stimulus required for an impulse to be carried

Transmissimo of impulse: movement of ions (sodium and potassium)

Site of simulation: neutron membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions

Synapse

The region where two neutrons come into close contact:

neurotransmitter swellings with dendrites of other neuron

Pre/prosynaptic neuron: synaptic cleft (neurotransmitter chemicals eg. Dopamine secreted through vesicles) into synaptic cleft

Diffuse across synaptic cleft and connect with receptors on the post synaptic neuron

Neurotransmitter chemicals are broken down by enzymes

The Brain

Protected by Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid between to protect
Cerebral hemispheres

Cerebrum: intelligence, language, movement
Thalamus: sorting impulses to correct part
Hypothalamus: homeostasis
Cerebellum: balance
Medulla Oblongata: involuntary actions
Pituitary Gland: endrocrine system

Spinal Chord

Central Canal has cerebrospinal fluid
White: axons only
Grey: cell bodies, dendrites
Dorsal root: sensory neurons enter (swelling with ganglion full of cell bodies)

Dendrites
Axon
Cell body

Dendrites: receives the impulse and passes it toward cell body
Axon: carries impulse away from cell body
Cell body: makes neurotransmitter chemicals and passes the impulse to an axon

Reflex Action and Arc

For protection - automatic involuntary response to a stimulus

Receptor detects stimulus and impulse enters spinal chord via dorsal root, carried by sensory neutron
Impulse gets passed to interneuron (also to brain) to motor neuron, which exists via ventral root to an effector (muscle)

Female Egg formation and ovaries

Produced by meiosis in ovaries (graphian follical) - oocyte

Puberty: immature egg (oocyte) divides by meiosis to form female haploid egg (gamete)

Ovaries: produce oestrogen & progesterone

The uterus

Cilia move egg
Endometrium sheds

Sperm Production

Produced in seminiferous tubules, diploid cells undergo meiosis

Epididymis mature

Seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid for semen

Head- nucleus
Across,e- dissolve egg coating

Menstrul Cycle hormomes

Follicle Stimulating Hormone: FSH stimulates follicle to form granfian follicale

Oestrogen: (produced by grafia follicle)rebuilds endometrium, inhibits FSH, stimulate LH in pituitary gland

Lutenising Hormone: ovulation, release of egg from surge

Progesterone: secreted by corpus luteum(remains of graafian follicle after ovulation) cause’s endometrium to build further, progesterone levels drop if corpus luteum breaks down

Menstruation Days

1-5: endometrium breaks down, drop in progesterone, FSH not inhibited
5-14: FSH makes follicles develop and secretes oestrogen (inhibits FSH)
14: surge in LH
14-26: Increasing progesterone and oestrogen, inhibits FSH and LH
26-28: Corpus Luteum degenerates

Kidney formation

Enters renal artery, leaves renal vein
Ureter to bladder to urethra
Kidneys. Filters waste from blood
Nephron: by the medulla and cortex
Filtration: water, glucose, then selective reabosprtion
ADH: hypothalamus, secreted by pituitary gland

B cells

B cells: (B lymphocytes)made and mature red bone marrow, lymph nodes, have specific antigen, recognise specific antigens and produce antibodies to the particle antigen
Memory B cells: remember the antigen and produces plasma cells for that
Plasma cells: produce specific antibody

T cells

T Cells: antigen receptors, made in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland, helper (activate B cells and Killr T)
killer T (kill infected cells, secrete perforin puncturing the cell) and suppressor (switch off immune response)

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Human organism Flashcards

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