Human Organ Systems Flashcards
Digestive System Circulatory System Respiratory System
What is the purpose of the Digestive System?
To take in, break up, and digest food, absorb useful nutrients/resources, and then excrete the waste.
What is the digestive organ system made up of?
The organ system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
What is the common classification of organs like the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas in the digestive system, and what does it mean?
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are also called accessory organs for the digestive system.
This means that they assist with digestion in other ways; for instance, the pancreas controls insulin levels, and the liver filters toxins.
What are the two commonly used methods by the body to attempt to remove consumed toxins detected by the presence of bacteria rapidly?
This is often experienced as vomiting and/or diarrhea. This process could also be triggered by over consumption of alcohol and other poisonous substances.
What is the mouth’s role is the digestive system?
The mouth begins the process of breaking down food through two types of processes: mechanical and chemical.
Once the food is bokeh up and softened, it is swallowed and passed into the esophagus.
What mechanical process does the mouth use to break down food?
Mechanical digestion refers to the use of the teeth and tongue to break down food
What chemical process does the mouth use to break down food?
Chemical digestion refers to the use of enzymes to break, commonly produced in the saliva by the epithelial tissue that lines the mouth.
What type of tissue is required for the mouth’s normal functions?
This body part requires connective and epithelial tissue to function
What organelle is the mouth abundant in?
and it is abundant in ribosomes (for enzymes)
What protein filament is the mouth abundant in?
Cytoskeleton filaments
What is saliva, and what is its purpose in the mouth?
A mixture of water and enzymes that is constantly produced by epithelial tissue lining the mouth, to moisturize the mouth and aid in digestion.
What is the Esophagus?
A muscular tube connecting the mouth and stomach, made of a special type of muscle cell called smooth muscle tissue and epithelial nerves.
How does the Esophagus move food from the throat to the stomach?
It makes the smooth muscle tissue to contract gradually, helping to move the food through the digestive tract.
What organelles are abundant in the esophagus?
Ribosomes, ER, and mitochondria.
What is the stomach?
One of the major organs in the animal digestive system. Its main function is to hold food and churn it to continue digestion.
How does the stomach continue the process of digestion?
The stomach’s lining has cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids. Smooth muscle tissue is also used here to mix the food inside the stomach.
Why is the stomach supplied with many nerves (like epithelial nerves)?
To signal to the brain when enough food has been eaten for now.
What organelles is the stomach abundant in?
This organ is abundant in ribosomes (especially), ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi bodies.
What are the two sections that make up the intestine?
The small and large intestine (or colon)
How long are the small and large intestines?
The small intestine (6 meters long) and the large intestine (1.5 meters long)
In which part of the intestine does most of the digestion take place?
Most of the digestion takes place in the small intestine
How does the small intestine continue the digestion process?
Goblet cells release mucus, and the digested nutrients enter the bloodstream through the fine blood vessels (interlaced with other tissues) using diffusion.
Does the small intestine contain smooth muscle tissue and epithelial nerves to function? (True/False)?
True
What organelles is the small intestine abundant in?
Its abundant in golgi bodies, lysosomes, and mitochondria
Does the large intestine have a larger diameter than the small intestine?
The large intestine (or colon) is shorter and larger in diameter than the small intestine.
What is the role of the large intestine in digestion?
Its lining absorbs water from the indigestible remains, and the remaining solid matter is excreted as feces.
What organelles is the large intestine abundant in?
It’s abundant in mitochondria and vesicles.
What kind of tissue does the large intestine require to function?
The large intestine (colon) requires epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nerves to function.
What is Colitis?
When the colon becomes inflamed and stops functioning properly.
What could cause colitis?
It could be caused by viruses, bacteria, narrowed blood vessels and failure of the body’s disease-fighting mechanism.
What are the accessory/secondary organs in the digestive organ system
The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
What is the purpose of the pancreas
To produce enzymes that breakdown food
What kinds of tissue does the pancreas need to function?
Epithelial tissue and Nervous tissue.
What organelles is the pancreas abundant in?
It’s abundant in ribosomes (especially), ER, and Golgi bodies.
What is the circulatory system?
An organ system that works with other organ systems (like the digestive and respiratory system) to move the nutrients and other substances to every cell in the body.
What makes up the circulatory system?
It’s made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
How does the circulatory system work with other organs/organ systems in the body?
The Respiratory system (transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs)
The Digestive system (to move digested nutrients around the body)
Transporting waste substances to the Kidneys
What is the most important job of the circulatory system?
The most important job of this system is to regulate body temperature and transport the white blood cells of the immune system to eradicate any invading bacteria/viruses.
What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
This system works through three main parts: the blood vessels, blood, and heart.
How do the three parts of the circulatory system cooperate to make the system function?
The heart pumps blood into the large blood vessels and they branch off into smaller and smaller blood vessels. Until the blood reaches the capillaries where blood exchanges many substances with nearby tissues. This process is then repeated inversely through the veins to return the blood to the heart.
What is blood?
Blood: A type of connective tissue that circulates throughout parts of the body.
What are the four components making up the blood, and how much of the blood do they each take up (by volume)?
It is made of four components:
Red blood cells make up ~50% of the blood.
White blood cells make up less than 1% of the blood by volume
Platelets comprise less than 1% of the blood.
Plasma makes up over 50% of the blood’s volume.
What effect does hemoglobin have on the red blood cells?
Hemoglobin causes the cells to look red.
What is the Heart?
An organ is made up of three types of tissue: cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue. That contracts and expands to move the blood in the circulatory system.
Cardiac muscle tissue is a special type of muscle only found in the heart and blood vessels. (True or False)
False
The muscles and nerves are covered by a layer of smooth ________ tissues to reduce friction and protect the heart from injury. The inner layer of the heart is also lined with _______ tissue to allow blood to flow freely.
epithelial
What factors can influence the heart’s rate of contraction?
Physical activity, stress, temperature, and general health.
What could be an effect of the inner lining of the heart hardening or roughening?
It can lead to health problems.
What kind of blood vessels don’t cascade into smaller and smaller versions as they get farther from the heart?
Veins
What are the three kinds of blood vessels, and what are their purposes?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and tend to have thicker walls to withstand the high-pressure blood that courses through them.
Veins are the blood vessels that carry the blood back to the heart, they tend to have thinner vessel walls because of the reduced pressure level of returning blood.
Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels with very thin walls that allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into the surrounding tissues and diffuse Carbon dioxide and other waste into the veins’ capillaries for disposal.
Which blood vessel’s network reaches almost every part of the body?
A network of capillaries reaches almost every part of the body.
What is a Heart Attack?
cause - affect, Symptoms, Diagnosis?
When the coronary artery is completely blocked, blood clot or plaque, the heart muscle cells can no longer receive oxygen and nutrients needed to function. The heart stops contracting/pumping and the heart tissue starts to die.
General symptoms include: chest pain or pressure, Shortness of breath, nausea, anxiety, upper body pain, abdominal or stomach pain, sweating, dizziness, unusual fatigue. However the actual symptoms can vary widely between genders and person to person.
Diagnosis: Heart attacks can be diagnosed using a blood test and electrocardiogram. The blood test identifies certain proteins that are only present when cardiac muscle tissue dies. The electrocardiogram (or ECG) measures the electrical signals from the damaged heart as it beats, and they beat differently from a healthy heart.
Briefly explain Coronary Artery Disease.
Symptoms, Diagnosis, Later Consequences?
This disease is caused by plaque, which is made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood.
Symptoms: causes people to experience tiredness, dizziness, and a painful or a burning sensation in the chest and arms.
Diagnosis: Diagnosed with a special x-ray called an angiogram and fluorescent dye injected into the bloodstream.
Later consequences: This could eventually lead to a heart attack.
What parts of the body make up the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is made of the mouth, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoi
What is the respiratory system, and what is its purpose?
The organ system is responsible for providing necessary oxygen for the body and removing the carbon dioxide produced as a byproduct of the energy used by the body to grow, repair, and move itself.
What organ system does the respiratory system work with to work efficiently?
This system works very closely with the circulatory system, allowing the respiratory system to be very efficient.
What is the path of air (oxygen/CO2) through the respiratory system?
The air enters through the mouth and nose, passing through the pharynx and heading for the trachea (also known as the windpipe). The trachea guides the air through its splitting branches (bronchus/bronchi), where it enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli, and oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream. This system also works in reverse to expel carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
What kind of cells line the trachea and bronchi, and what is their purpose?
Some of the epithelial cells that line the trachea and bronchi produce mucus (like the digestive system) and move it using the cilia (hair-like projections of the epithelial cells).
What are Cilia, and what purpose do they serve for the respiratory system?
Cilia are hair-like projections on the epithelial cells. Cilia filter out any foreign material that might’ve entered the system and help move mucus from epithelial cells in the trachea and bronchi.
What is Cartilage? Where is it used in the respiratory system
A special type of connective tissue that is made up of specialized cells embedded in a matrix of strong and flexible fibers.
Rings of cartilage support the trachea of humans, allowing the trachea to open and avoid constricting the air flowing through it.
Are the matrix’s that make up cartilage made of living material?
This matrix is not made up of living material.
What are the capilaries?
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs found in the lungs that act as the final stop for inhaled air. Each alveoli in the lungs is surrounded by a network of capillaries.
How does oxygen/CO2 interact with capillaries and alveoli in the respiratory system?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into/out of the two thin walls (of the capillaries and alveoli) to be transported in/out of the bloodstream.
Define breathing and how the process of breathing works.
This is the process of drawing air into the lungs (inhalation) and pushing air out (exhalation).
This process of the respiratory organ system includes more parts of the body like the muscles around the ribs and the diaphragm. The muscles that move the ribs and the diaphragm work together to increase/decrease the volume of the lungs to create a pressure difference that pulls air into the lungs or expels air out of the lungs.
What is a diaphragm?
Diaphragm: A large sheet of muscle under the lungs
What part of the brain controls the involuntary system for breathing?
The involuntary system is controlled by the part of the brain that detects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
How does the involuntary system respond to an increase of C02 consentration in the blood?
When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the brain communicates to the diaphragm, the muscles around the ribs, and the heart to increase breathing rate and the speed of heart beats, both work in conjunction to decrease carbon dioxide concentration and increase oxygen availability in the blood.
How can fish increase the rate of respiration?
Fish will attempt to speed up this process by opening/closing their mouths to create a consistent flow of water for the gills. This is also why fish need to constantly swim, to find more oxygen to absorb using the gills.
How are the respiratory systems of Fish different from that of a human?
Fish use gills that are directly exposed to surrounding water to diffuse oxygen into the blood of the fish and diffuse carbon dioxide from the blood into nearby water.
Briefly explain Tuberculosis (TB). Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis.
An infectious disease that is caused by certain bacteria that enter the body and grow in the lungs (and sometimes other parts of the body like the nervous system). The bacteria can lay dormant in the body for decades after initial contact with the body.
Symptoms: fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, and chest pain. It can eventually become fatal if untreated.
Diagnosis: TB is diagnosed through tests like X-rays or biopsies.
Briefly explain Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). causes/origin, Symptom,s and Diagnosis.
A lethal disease that originated from a region of China and spread to 37 countries around the world.
Symptoms: high fever, shortness of breath, dry cough, sore throat, headache, muscle pain, and exhaustion.
Diagnosis: Based on the above symptoms, a chest X-ray shows evidence of pneumonia and positive lab results of cell samples taken from the patient.
For the Large Intestine- Describe the function, the tissues involved, and the cellular organelles that would be most abundant.
Function: Absorption of water and vitamins, storage of waste.
Tissues: Epithelial, muscle
Cell organelle: Vesicles (to contain the water), mitochondrion (to provide the muscles with
energy)
Label this diagram of the digestive system.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c0O9hcLHBW5eIEoYXtOEga8zvgsx8lgsKBb0EIMfUcU/edit?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pdFpmWKpreaNdqt5v08xvKPwLpdgh1Qi/view?usp=sharing
Label this diagram of the circulatory system.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c0O9hcLHBW5eIEoYXtOEga8zvgsx8lgsKBb0EIMfUcU/edit?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-qTgn0CPYdykoK0xaQCos5ZkSnBAEw-x/view?usp=sharing
Label this diagram of the respritory system.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c0O9hcLHBW5eIEoYXtOEga8zvgsx8lgsKBb0EIMfUcU/edit?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/19HUOHxS2wAw0GB2VirJVnkRc1qFhqpFp/view?usp=sharing
What is the process of peristalsis?
The esophagus makes smooth muscle tissue contract gradually, helping to move the food through the digestive tract.
